Lecture 18 - Chloroplasts, Apoptosis, Endomembranes

Question 1

Photosynthesis can be divided into 2 categories. What are they?

Answer 1

light-dependent reactions and light-independent reaction

Question 2

Light-Dependent Reactions occur in

Answer 2

thylakoid membrane

Question 3

light harvesting complex holds what important pigment

Answer 3

Chlorophyll

Question 4

in light dep rxns, where do e- enter into and where are H+ pumped into?

Answer 4

ETC, thylakoid lumen

Question 5

ATP and NADPH made in light reaction are used to make what

Answer 5

CH2O (carbs) in light-independent
reactions

Question 6

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate 2 forms

Answer 6

Oxidized = NADP+
Reduced = NADPH

Question 7

Dark reactions / Calvin cycle are a) Light-Independent Reactions or b) light-dependent reactions

Answer 7

a) Light-Independent Reactions

Question 8

where do light indep rxns occur?

Answer 8

in stroma of
chloroplasts

Question 9

Programmed cell death name

Answer 9

apoptosis

Question 9

apoptosis, involves the death of cells in a….

Answer 9

coordinated sequence of events

Question 9

apoptosis is Part of an organism’s…

Answer 9

growth or development

Question 10

apoptosis example: Interdigital cell death leads to….

Answer 10

regression of soft tissue between embryonic digits in many vertebrates

Question 11

Bone morphogenetic protein (bmp) is a secreted protein that binds to what to activate what

Answer 11

binds to Bmp receptors (BmpRs) to activate apoptosis

Question 12

Apoptosis is characterized by: (5)

Answer 12

• Shrinkage of cell
• Fragmentation of DNA and nucleus
• Blebbing (bulge or protrusion) of the plasma membrane
• Loss of attachment to other cells
• Engulfment by phagocytosis

Question 12

Expression of non-active BmpRs in chicken embryonic hind limbs results in what

Answer 12

greatly reduced interdigital apoptosis and webbed feet

Question 13

what is apoptosis Initiated by?

Answer 13

intracellular stimuli like
genetic damage, hypoxia, or virus infection

Question 14

“Killer” proteins like Bax cause change in….

Answer 14

mitochondria membrane
potential and to the leak of
Cytochrome c.

Question 15

what commits the cell to
apoptosis

Answer 15

Release of apoptotic mitochondrial proteins

Question 16

Release of _________ __and nuclear fragmentation during apoptosis

Answer 16

Cytochrome C

Question 17

Caspases do 4 things, name them

Answer 17

Disrupts cell
adhesion

Destroys lamins
(nuclear filaments)

Breaks down cytoskeleton

Activates DNase
(genome breakdown)

Question 18

Various diseases are directly associated to ________. In some cases, the problem is due to _____ _____ ________.

An example of this is _______, where too little apoptosis occurs, resulting in malignant cells that will ____ _____.

In other cases, it is _____ _____ _______ that is the culprit, such as in the case of degenerative diseases like __________ ________

Answer 18

apoptosis, too little apoptosis

cancer, not die

too much apoptosis, Alzheimer’s disease

Question 19

cytosol main functions

Answer 19

Protein synthesis, many metabolic pathways

Question 20

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) main functions

Answer 20

Synthesis of lipids, synthesis of proteins

Question 21

Golgi apparatus main functions

Answer 21

Protein modification, packaging of proteins and lipids

Question 22

Lysosomes main function

Answer 22

Degradation of cellular material

Question 23

Endosomes main function

Answer 23

Sorting, recycling

Question 24

Early electron micrograph focusing on the cytoplasm revealed…

Answer 24

membrane bound organelles and vesicles as well as extensive network
of membranous canals and stacks of “sacs” (cisternae)

Question 25

The Green Fluorescent Protein from jellyfish (Aequorea victoria) can
be fused with other…

Answer 25

cellular proteins, The fusion protein can then be
expressed in cells

Question 26

GFP is used to track

Answer 26

Cell Components

Question 27

how can GFP fusion protein fluoresces be visualized?

Answer 27

under a microscope

Question 28

Observation of the fusion protein provides information about the
________ _______ (e.g. where it is localized in a cell or organism)

Answer 28

endogenous protein

Question 29

many variants
emitting fluorescence in different ________ have been created through
directed genetic modifications

Answer 29

wavelengths

Question 30

Transport of material between compartments:

Answer 30

• Organelle ⇄ PM (and vice versa)
• Organelle ⇄ Organelle

Question 31

Small, spherical, membrane-enclosed
organelles that bud off donor compartment fuse with

Answer 31

acceptor or
recipient compartment

Question 32

Targeted movement (directed) uses (2)

Answer 32

cytoskeleton and motor proteins

Question 33

targeted movement (directed) sorts signals

Answer 33

recognized by receptors

Question 34

in Vesicular Transport…. Movement of vesicle uses what

Answer 34

cytoskeleton and motor proteins. Can be
anterograde or retrograde

Question 35

in Vesicular Transport…., Tethering vesicle to target compartment — via proteins from…

Answer 35

the Rab family of
protein and other more specialized

Question 36

in Vesicular Transport…., Docking of vesicle to target compartment — uses proteins called

Answer 36

SNAREs.
SNARE assembly provides energy for fusion

Question 37

in vesicular transport, Fusion of what occurs

Answer 37

vesicle and target membrane

Question 38

Orientation of a ___________ ________
with respect to the cytoplasm and the
interior of membrane-bound _________
is maintained during its travel through the
___________ system

Answer 38

transmembrane protein, compartments, endomembrane

Question 39

the end of the transmembrane protein sticks out into what

Answer 39

the cytosol

Question 40

the end of the transmembrane protein faces into what

Answer 40

the ER lumen

Question 41

Examples of exocytosis:

Answer 41

Organelle → Plasma membrane

Secretion of neurotransmitter

Question 42

CASPASES are ENZYMES (proteases) that activate what

Answer 42

proteins that are involved in dismantling the cell