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BIOL 1090 Final > Lecture 17 - Signal Transduction, ECM, Mitochondria > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - Signal Transduction, ECM, Mitochondria Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the ECM are produced and secreted by….

A

cells and assembled into an extracellular network

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2
Q

Major components of the ECM are

A

proteins like (e.g., collagen) and glycoproteins (e.g., laminin, fibronectin)

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3
Q

Proteoglycans = proteins with…

A

chains of polysaccharides

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4
Q

Functions of the ECM (4)

A
  • Cell adherence
  • Communication between
    cells
  • Cell shape, mechanical
    support, structural integrity
  • Serves as barrier, filters out some particles
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5
Q

Anchor membrane proteins (e.g., integrins)
play an important role by…..

A

interacting with
components of the ECM

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6
Q

anchor proteins assist in

A
  • Tissue formation and coordinated cell
    function (e.g., skin, liver, etc.)
  • Communication between cells
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7
Q

The ECM is abundant in ________ _______ of
animals (e.g., tendons, ligaments, dermis).

A

connective tissues

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8
Q

Cells of BACTERIA, PLANTS and FUNGI have..

A

cell walls

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9
Q

Plant cell walls =

A

ECM

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10
Q

ECM is composed of…. (4)

A

cellulose,
hemicellulose, pectin,
and proteins

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11
Q

The ECM provides _______ _______ to cell and to whole organism
(equivalent to skeleton)

A

structural support

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12
Q

what does Protect the cell from?

A

mechanical damage
and pathogen attack

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13
Q

Membrane proteins play a major role in _______ ________ by converting an _________
signal into _________ signal(s).

A

signal transduction, extracellular, intracellular

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14
Q

Signal transduction allows cells to rapidly
respond to…

A

events happening in their
environment, including:
* Grow
* Divide
* Survive (or not)
* Move
* Differentiate (i.e., time to change)

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15
Q

what is a Ligand

A

a small molecule that binds to a receptor

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16
Q

Ligand binding changes the _________ of the receptor protein

A

conformation

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17
Q

The ligand ____ _____enter the cell

A

does NOT

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18
Q

what side of the receptor protein is affected by the
conformation change?

A

the cytosolic side

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19
Q

The conformational changes from ligand cause other proteins (in the cytosol or membrane bound) to become….

A

activated

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20
Q

Three stages to signal transduction:

A

1 Binding of ligand to receptor
2 Signal transduction via second messengers like cAMP, calcium, or G-protein
3 Cellular response: cellular growth,
cell division, store glucose
molecules as glycogen

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21
Q

Examples of disease caused by defect in signal
transduction (3)

A

cancer, diabetes, different brain disorders

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22
Q

a good example of signal transduction is how epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) activates conversion of….

A

glycogen stored in the liver to glucose

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23
Q

Glycogenin is an enzyme that acts as a….

A

primer to polymerize the first glucose molecules—then other enzymes take over to assemble branches of glucose

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23
Q

adrenaline causes what response

A

Fight or Flight Response

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24
Q

Adrenaline is made in

A

adrenal glands

25
Q

in Glycogenolysis, Active receptor will recruit G-protein and allow the
binding of what to turn it on?

A

GTP

26
Q

At the end (of glycogenolysis) , ________ is an enzyme that will release glucose units.

A

Phosphorylase-P

27
Q

mitochondria main function

A

ATP synthesis, apoptosis

28
Q

Chloroplasts main functions

A

Photosynthesis, ATP synthesis

29
Q

The Endosymbiotic Theory says organelles from eukaryotic cells with two membranes, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, represent what

A

formerly free-living prokaryotes taken one inside the other in endosymbiosis

30
Q

Supporting evidence of The Endosymbiotic Theory (2)

A

1) binary fission of mitochondria and plastids,

2) circular DNA inside these organelles similar to bacteria

31
Q

Aerobic respiration: converts in presence of

A

oxygen energy stored in food molecules (e.g., glucose) into chemical energy stored in ATP.

32
Q

Aerobic respiration produces what as a by-product

A

carbon dioxide (CO2) as waste

33
Q

Photosynthesis is building what using energy from sunlight

A

carbohydrates

34
Q

Aerobic respiration equ’t

A

(CH2O) + O2 ——–> CO2 + H2O + ATP

35
Q

Photosynthesis equ’t

A

CO2 + H2O ——> (CH2O) + O2

36
Q

Outer Mitochondrial Membrane (OMM) contains (2)

A

many enzymes with diverse metabolic functions (e.g., lipid
metabolism)

porins, which are large channels permeable (passive diffusion) to
many molecules when opened (e.g. ATP, sucrose)

37
Q

what part if mitochondria has a High protein:lipid ratio (3:1)

A

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (IMM)

38
Q

Double-layered folds are called

A

cristae

39
Q

cristae ______ membrane surface area and contain ________ for aerobic respiration and _____ _______

A

increase, machinery, ATP formation

40
Q

the IMM is rich in a phospholipid called

A

cardiolipin

41
Q

cardiolipin is needed for optimal function of many enzymes within….

A

bacterial
membranes

42
Q

The mitochondria also has two aqueous compartments:

A

Intermembrane space, separates OMM and IMM

Matrix
a high protein content, gel-like consistency space containing mitochondrial ribosomes and mitochondrial genome (DNA)

43
Q

Cellular respiration uses chemical energy stored in molecules such as

A

carbohydrates
(glucose) and lipids to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

44
Q

Cellular respiration involves a series of

A

catabolic reactions

45
Q

Cellular respiration in presence of oxygen =

A

aerobic respiration

46
Q

in substrate-level phosphorylation: Hydrolysis reaction releases enough energy to drive phosphorylation of what compound to make what compound

A

ADP to ATP (e.g.,
glycolysis where 1 glucose molecule is partially broken down into 2 pyruvate
molecules)

47
Q

in oxidative phosphorylation: Chemical energy
of organic molecules is transferred first to what

A

electron carriers

48
Q

(oxidative phosphorylation) electron carriers are used to create an

A

electrochemical gradient that can power
ATP synthesis

49
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation Produces only small
amount of total….

A

ATP molecules necessary for cellular function—about 12%

50
Q

oxidative phosphorylation produces the majority of…

A

ATP molecules in animal
cells—about 88%

51
Q

(Cellular Respiration) Coenzymes acting as electron carriers can exist
either as: (2)

A

1) Oxidized—can accept electrons
2) Reduced—can donate electrons when
returning to their oxidized state

52
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2 forms

A

Oxidized = NAD+
Reduced = NADH

53
Q

Flavin adenine dinucleotide 2 forms

A

Oxidized = FAD
Reduced = FADH2

54
Q

Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 allows what to be transferred

A

electrons and energy

55
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation divided into two steps:

A

Step 1 (Complexes I-IV) and Step 2 ATP synthase.

56
Q

in Oxidative Phosphorylation Step 1: how is electrochemical gradient generated?

A

Electron transport through Complexes I-IV and proton (H+) pumping

High-energy electrons (e-) pass from coenzymes (NADH and FADH2) in the
matrix to electron carriers in IMM.

57
Q

what is the name for the series of intermediate e- carriers (respiratory enzyme complexes I, II, III, IV)

A

Electron-Transport Chain (ETC)

58
Q

In ETC, Energy transfer at each complex is used to _____ ___ from matrix into
intermembrane space

A

pump H+

59
Q

____ ______ e- is transferred to terminal ___ ________ (O2) resulting
in production of H2O

A

low energy, e- acceptor

60
Q

in Oxidative Phosphorylation step 2, Proton movement _____ ___________ ________ is used to power ATP
synthesis.

A

down electrochemical gradient

BIOL 1090 Final (10 decks)

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