lecture 13 vaccination - CH 14

Question 1

vaccination

Answer 1

exposing a person to material that is antigenic but not pathogenic

Question 2

GOAL of vaccinations

Answer 2

to stimulate a strong immune response with immunological memory

• mimics natural immune response
• eliminates risk of having the disease

Question 3

immunocompetence

Answer 3

the ability to mount a robust immune response to many antigens

Question 4

immunocompromised

Answer 4

not being able to mount a robust immune response due to age (<6months), poor nutrition, stress, on immunosuppressant drugs, HIV infection

Question 5

Edward Jenner

Answer 5

used scabs from milkmaids infected with cowpox virus to vaccinate a boy.
- the boy developed a mild cowpox infection that resolved on its own.
then had immunity from smallpox

Question 6

Louis Pasteur

Answer 6

• developed the early version of the rabies vaccine to protect humans
• and the vaccine to protect cattle against anthrax

Question 7

herd immunity

Answer 7

AKA collective immunity

• mass immunization confers indirect protection on the non-immune members
• the fewer disease-susceptible people in a community, the harder it is for a pathogen to be transmitted to a susceptible host
• important force in preventing epidemics
• prevents mutation and change of pathogens
• *some individuals cannot receive immunizations due to immunocompromising medical condtions**

Question 8

percentage of vaccinations needed to have effective herd immunity

Answer 8

most pathogens require 85% of population to be vaccinated to have effective herd immunity

Question 9

live attenuated vaccines

Answer 9

pathogen has been inactivated by mutation or cultivation in such a way that it cannot cause a disease but it can still multiply in host
nonpathogenic but antigenic
BENEFIT
- stimulate potent immunological responses that are accompanied by long-living memory
DRAWBACKS
- could cause disease in an immune-compromised host
- possible mutation to an infectious form
- must be refrigerated

Question 10

inactivated whole agent vaccines

Answer 10

whole pathogen inactivated by heat, radiation, or chemicals. They will not be able to multiply or cause disease but will still promote strong immune response
BENEFITS
- safe for immuno-compromised patients
- stable at room temperature
DRAWBACKS
- boosters required to achieve full immunity

Question 11

subunit or toxoid or conjugate vaccines

Answer 11

• do not include whole pathogens
• consist of purified antigens or parts of the infectious agent
• require adjuvants such as (aluminum salts and monophosphoryl lipid A)

Question 12

purified subunit vaccines

Answer 12

• immunogenic portion of the pathogen
• can be harvested from a natural pathogen or purified from a genetically engineered expression system
  (EX: recombinant vaccines)

Question 13

toxoid vaccines

Answer 13

• purified and inactivated toxins

- EX: tetanus and diphtheria of DTap and Tdap

Question 14

conjugate (or polysaccharide) vaccines

Answer 14

• polysaccharide antigens conjugated to a more immunogenic protein antigen
  EX: meningococcal vaccines, pneumococcal vaccines, and Hib vaccines

Question 15

use of recombinant vector vaccines using immunogenic genes

Answer 15

• genetic material from the pathogen is packed inside a harmless virus or bacterium
• inserted into the body
• cells become the antigen producers
• results in a humoral and a cellular immune response