Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

microbio final > lecture 16-17 skin and nervous system infections > Flashcards

lecture 16-17 skin and nervous system infections Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

epidermis

A

dead cells on outside, keratinocytes on the inside layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

dermis

A

connective tissue containing dermal cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T/F: melanin has antimicrobial properties

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

lysozyme

A

enzyme that breaks down the peptidoglycan layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

sebum

A

an oily substance that contains low pH, lipids, is produced in sebaceous glands
- common skin bacteria metabolizes sebum leading to build up of toxic fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lesion

A

change or abnormality in the skin that is usually in a defined area; may be harmless or serious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

primary lesion

A

associated with a specific disease process; useful for diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

rash

A

widespread eruption of lesions; may be symptomatic or asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

vesicular rash

A

small elevated lesion filled with clear fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

macule

A

flat, discolorations of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

papule

A

raised solid lesion with distinct borders, not fluid filled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

maculopapulary

A

small, slightly raised lesions that overlay with each other and have macules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

chicken pox and shingles

A

VIRAL
CAUSE: varicella-zoster virus, enveloped dsDNA virus (Herpesviridae family)
- highly contagious (spread through respiratory droplets and direct contact with pox lesions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

chickenpox signs and symptoms

A
  • fever with itchy vesicular rash

- some varicella-zoster viruses may travel to peripheral nerves and become latent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

shingles

A
  • *the reactivation of the virus**
  • rash on back and other nerve-rich areas (EX: face)
  • appears as a band of blisters on one side of the body
  • painful with burning sensation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cold sores

A

VIRAL
CAUSE: herpes simplex viruses (HSV) 1
TRANSMISSION: saliva & contaminated fomites
DISEASE PROGRESSION:
painful, itchy, vesicular lesions may develop on the lips about a week after infection
- initial infection may include sore throat or flulike symptoms
- HSV-1 migrates to the trigeminal nerve
- becomes latent and may later cause flare-ups (REACTIVATION) in about 2/3 of patients under stress, immunocompromised, hormonal changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

measles (Rubeola)

A

VIRAL

  • highly contagious and spread by the respiratory route
  • initial signs/symptoms appear 10 days after exposure (fever, sore throat, dry cough, spots in mouth = KOPLIK SPOTS)
  • MACULOPAPULAR RASH begins on face and spreads to trunk and extremities
  • measles virus causes cells to fuse together, multiply in respiratory tract, spreads through the lymph and blood. (Immune system kills the infected host cells resulting in the lesions and other symptoms)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

measles complication

A
  • 1/4 people with measles will require hospitalization
  • 1/1,000 will experience swelling of the brain with possible permanent brain damage
  • 1/2 out of 1,000 with measles will dies (despite care)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

encephalitis

A

swelling of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

measles prevention

A
  • measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
  • live attenuated virus (>1 years old to receive)
  • before vaccination, rates per year in the US (3-4 million cases, 48,000 hospitalizations, 1,000 cases of chronic disabilities due to measles encephalitis and 500 deaths)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hand, mouth, and foot disease (HFMD)

A

VIRAL
ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS: Coxsackievirus A16 & Enterovirus 71
CHARACTERISTICS:
- common in infants and children, especially in childcare settings
- can occur in adults
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS usually mild: fever, malaise, reduced appetite blister-like sores in the mouth, maculopapulary lesions on the hands and feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

herpangina

A

blister-like sores in the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

staph infections

A

BACTERIAL

  • spectrum of diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus
  • S aureus is a gram POS cocci in cluster morphology. yellow pigmented colonies, produces many exoenzymes as virulence factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

impetigo

A

superficial, pus-filled vesicles that can rupture and ooze, crust over into honey-colored lesions
- highly contagious spread by direct contact, contaminated fomites in childcare settings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
cellulitis
infection of lower dermis, subcutaneous fat | - red, swollen, and painful skin, may spread to lymph nodes, potentially fatal
26
folliculitis
infection of hair follicles
27
scalded skin syndrome
exfoliative toxin producing S aureus strains. toxin causes epidermis to peel off, looks like skin has been burned by boiling water
28
MRSA
METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPH AUREUS - methicillin produced to combat beta-lactamase producing bacteria in the 1950s - some strains evolved modified PBPs not affected by methicillin
29
MRSA treatment
- vancomycin, rifampin, tetracyclines - resistance emerging (vancomycin-intermediate S aureus) VISA and (vancomycin-resistant S aureus) VRSA
30
MRSA prevention
healthcare workers carefully follow hand-washing and antisepsis precautions
31
necrotizing fasciitis
BACTERIAL - STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES (GAS) can cause strep throat and also many skin infections similar to S. aureus NECROTIZING FASCIITIS (flesh-eating disease): bacteria enters via damaged skin, secretes many exoenzymes that promote invasion - tissue destruction within hours SYMPTOMS - swelling and heat at site of infection, pain disproportionate with injury ***can only be cured by surgical debridement and intravenous antibiotics. 40% mortality rate***
32
bacterial wound infections
BURN AND OTHER SKIN WOUND PATIENTS - high risk for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections ~60% of burn patients develop P. aeruginosa infections - as skin wounds heals, the bacteria can grow underneath scabs (access the bloodstream & leading to systemic infections) - cured by meticulous wound care, antibiotics, protective creams that contain silver, debridement of affected scabs or tissue to remove bacteria
33
pyocyanin
- a greenish-blue pigment that causes pus to appear blue/green - some P aeruginosa strains make pyocyanin
34
gas gangrene
BACTERIAL CAUSED: Clostridium perfringens (anaerobic gram POS; endospore-forming rods that naturally live in the soil) - gangrene is a result of damage to blood vessels, that deprive tissue of oxygen and results in tissue death by necrosis C PERFRINGENS INFECT DEEP WOUNDS - release foul-smelling gases as the bacteria destroy infected tissue - if untreated, progresses to shock, kidney failure, and death
35
candidiasis
FUNGAL CAUSE: Candida albicans (unicellular yeast) - normal resident of the GI tract and skin **cutaneous candidiasis seen in damp, friction-prone skin folds EX: underarm, groin, under breasts SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS - bright red macular rash - may be accompanied by small white pustules - rash tends to be itchy or burning and may exhibit scaling
36
Tinea infections (roundworm)
FUNGAL CAUSE: fungus of Trichophyton species, Microsporum species, or Epidermophyton species - tinea (disease) classified by site SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS - scaly, blistered, discolored, or inflamed TRANSMITTED BY: - skin abrasions, fomite contamination, and intimate contact with fungal cells, spores, or lesions - contact with infected people or animals
37
meninges
three layers of specialized tissue that encase the central nervous system
38
cerebrospinal fluid
the colorless, watery fluid that cushions and nourishes the central nervous system
39
coma
a prolonged state of unconsciousness that resists waking
40
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
41
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
42
meningoencephalitis
inflammation of both the brain and meninges
43
flaccid paralysis
paralysis caused by an inability to contract muscles
44
symmetric paralysis
paralysis that affects both sides of the body equally
45
asymmetric paralysis
paralysis that affects one side of the body more than another
46
peripheral nervous system
inputs and transmits information, composed of nerves
47
central nervous system
integrates information received, sends back an "action plan" | - composed of the brain and spinal cord
48
neurons
transfer signals of the CNS and PNS | - categorized as motor, sensory, and interneutons
49
motor neurons
specializing in output, or efferent
50
sensory neurons
specializing in input, or afferent
51
interneurons
allowing CNS and PNS communication
52
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers released by neurons in response to an internal and external stimuli
53
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
produced by structures within the brain, acts as a cushion
54
poliomyelitis (polio)
VIRAL ETIOLOGIC AGENT: poliovirus, non-enveloped RNA virus - transmitted through oral-fecal route - virus infects intestinal cells, spreads to nerves, causes inflammation and damage - leads to muscle weakness and paralysis (asymmetric/symmetric paralysis)
55
SALK (1957) created
INACTIVATED POLIO VACCINE (IPV) - requires several boosters - used in the US
56
SABIN (1963) created
ORAL POLIO VACCINE (OPV) - live, attenuated poliovirus - vaccinated people immunize others
57
bacterial meningitis
inflammation of the meninges characterized BY: sudden onset fever, headaches, stiff neck, confusion, or disorientation - 100% mortality rate if not treated
58
Haemophilus Meningitis
BY Haemophilus influenzae | - Hib vaccine preventable, children under 6
59
Meningococcal meningitis
BY Neisseria meningitides | - many vaccines available
60
Pneumococcal meningitis
BY Streptococcus pneumonia - leading cause of most bacterial meningitis according to the NIH - S pneumoniae makes an exotoxin, stimulates severe inflammation - PCV7 vaccine
61
bacterial neurotoxins
- some bacteria have a pathogenic effect primarily because they secrete toxins - some of the most dangerous toxins known to mankind are neurotoxins made by bacteria
62
Botulinum toxin
potent neurotoxin secreted by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM, a soil bacterium - causes flaccid paralysis - as little as 1 mg can kill an adult FROM - canned vegetables (beets, carrots, spinach) provide the perfect conditions for germination of endospores and production of toxins
63
Tetanus toxin
produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI, enters through deep puncture wounds - causes spastic paralysis (muscles can't relax) - patients show lock-jaw (can't close mouth), die of respiratory failure
64
cryptococcsis
fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans - affects immunocompromised people - causes CNS defects
65
African sleeping sickness
caused by protozoan TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI - transmitted by tsetse fly - enters blood and then crosses blood-brain barrier, infects CNS * *infected cannot sleep at night and cannot stay awake during the day**
66
toxoplasmosis
caused by protozoan, TOXOPLASMA GONDII - cats are the definitive host of T GONDII, spread to humans by handling cat feces - can cause miscarriage or stillbirth in pregnant females - in immunocompromised = **seizures, psychiatric symptoms, coma, and death may follow**

microbio final (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions