Lecture 14

Question 1

`sensory input

Answer 1

sensory receptors (millions) detect changed inside and outside of body (stimulus)

Question 2

Intergration

Answer 2

Processing and interpretation of sensory input (what to do)

Question 3

Motor output

Answer 3

response caused by activation of effector organs (muscles or glands)

Question 4

CNS is made up of what?

Answer 4

brain and spinal cord
- integration and command center

Question 5

PNS is made up of what?

Answer 5

outside CNS - links all of the body CNS via SPINAL NERVES AND CRANIAL NERVES
- motor output and sensory input

Question 6

what is somatic?

Answer 6

voluntary (skeletal muscle)

Question 7

What is Autonomic?

Answer 7

Involuntary cardiac and smooth muscle and glands)

Question 8

what does parasympathetic do?

Answer 8

rest and digest
feed and breed

Question 9

What is Sympathetic?

Answer 9

Fight or flight

Question 10

in the Sympathetic nervous system what hormone is released?

Answer 10

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 11

In the parasympathetic nervous system what hormone is released? and Somatic?

Answer 11

Acetylcholine

Question 12

To be s sensory input what receptors are used?

Answer 12

ion channels or G proteins coupled receptors

Question 13

chemoreceptors?

Answer 13

chemical (cell flooded with Ca)

Question 14

Photoreceptors?

Answer 14

Light (vision)

Question 15

thermoreceptors

Answer 15

Temperature

Question 16

Nociceptors?

Answer 16

overstimulation of receptors

Question 17

Sensory cells sense stimuli through _______ and communicate to sensory neurons through ______

Answer 17

sensory receptors, neurotransmitters

Question 18

what are the 2 cell types of the nervous system?

Answer 18

• Ganglia (supporting cells) or GLIA
• Neurons (transmit signals)

Question 19

what are the characteristics of gaglia?

Answer 19

1 ganglia to 5 neuron
- most glia maintain mitotic ability
- some possess electrical properties similar to neurons

Question 20

What are the characteristics of a neuron?

Answer 20

last long time(100 years)
- amitotic = most do not divide and are NOT replaced if destroyed
- high metabolic rate- require continuous supplu of o2 and glucose
(brain is 2% of body mass but uses 20% of o2)

Question 21

What are the supporting cells of the CNS - glia?

Answer 21

Astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells
(camo Pss)

Question 22

What do astrocytes do? - glia

Answer 22

most abundant
- helps regulate composition of extracellular fluid, (remove k+ and neurotransmitters
- provide nutrients

Question 23

What do microglia do? - glia

Answer 23

macrophages
- scavengers that phagocytize debris and remodel synapse

Question 24

What do oligiodendrocytes? - glia

Answer 24

eletrical insulation
- have processes that wrap axons in myelin sheaths around axons

Question 25

What do oligiodendrocytes? - glia

Answer 25

electrical insulation - have processes that wrap axons in myelin sheaths around axons

Question 26

what do Ependymal cells do? - glia

Answer 26

Line cavities were cilia circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to cushion and nourish CNS

Question 27

What are the supporting cells of the PNS - glia?

Answer 27

schwann cells and satellite cells (camo pss)

Question 28

what do schwann cells do? - glia

Answer 28

surround and form myelin sheaths around axons (oligodendrocytes in CNS)

Question 29

What do Satellite cells do? - glia

Answer 29

surround neuron cell body, (regulate external chemical environment)

Question 30

what is myelination? what supporting cells can be considered this? - glia

Answer 30

wrap around axon multiple times (like electrical tape around a wire) - oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

Question 31

what is myelin sheath? - glia

Answer 31

protects/insulates axons - increases action potential and conducts speed

Question 32

What is myelinated fibers? - glia

Answer 32

axon w/ myelin sheath

Question 33

What is nodes of Ranvier? - glia

Answer 33

(neurofibral nodes) - gaps on axon between myelin sheath (spaces)

Question 34

What is nodes of Ranvier? - glia

Answer 34

(neurofibril nodes) - gaps on axon between myelin sheath (spaces)

Question 35

What is the cell body called - neuron

Answer 35

soma - biosynthetic center

Question 36

What are the rough er (____ ) in neurons that are the most active in the cell body? - neuron

Answer 36

nissl body in the rough ER

Question 37

What are the neurofilaments that maintain cell shape? - neurons

Answer 37

intermediate filaments - multipolar neurons are the most common type of neuron

Question 38

What is involved in the input sense - neurons

Answer 38

dendrites - receive inputs - short, branched, large surface area - convey incoming messages to cell body - short distance signals = graded potentials integration)

Question 39

What is involved in the output of sense - neurons?

Answer 39

axons = sends OUTPUTS - vary in size (very short to 1 meter) - only one per neuron - with and without myelin (electrical installation) axon hillock: cone shaped area from which axon arises