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PSY 230 > Lecture 14 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

In order to diagnose a personality disorder, the person’s enduring pattern of behavior must be?

A
  • Pervasive and inflexible
  • Stable and of long duration
  • The cause of clinically significant distress or impairment of functioning and be manifested in two of the following: cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control.
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2
Q

why is there a problem to diagnosing personality disorders and what would be done to help in diagnosing them?

A
  • There are difficulties dx personality disorders due to an overlap of criteria. When this happens, the clinician may put Personality Disorder, NOS, and the cluster (A B C) the individual shows criteria from
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3
Q

What is Cluster A of personality disorders?

A

Odd or eccentric, with unusual behavior ranging from significant distrust of others without sufficient reason to social detachment.

  • Paranoid personality
  • disorder Schizoid personality
  • disorder Schizotypal personality disorder
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4
Q

What is Cluster B of personality disorders?

A

Dramatic, emotional and erratic.

  • Antisocial personality disorder
  • Histrionic personality disorder
  • Narcissistic personality disorder
  • Borderline personality disorder
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5
Q

What is Cluster C of personality disorders?

A

Anxiety is the significant component.

  • Dependent personality disorder
  • Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (This is NOT the same as obsessive compulsive disorder.)
  • Avoidant personality disorder:
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6
Q

What is antisocial personality disorder?

A

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a deeply ingrained and rigid dysfunctional thought process that focuses on social irresponsibility with exploitive, delinquent, and criminal behavior with no remorse

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7
Q

What are some Pathological personality traits that can become apparent?

A
  • Antagonism
  • Disinhibition
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8
Q

What are some significant impairments in personality functioning that can manifest?

A
  • Identity: Ego-centrism; self-esteem derived from personal gain, power, or pleasure.
  • Self-direction: Goal-setting based on personal gratification
  • failure to conform to lawful or culturally normative ethical behavior.
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9
Q

What are some impairments in interpersonal functioning?

A
  • Empathy: Lack of concern for feelings, needs, or suffering of others
  • Lack of remorse after hurting or mistreating another
  • Intimacy: Incapacity for mutually intimate relationships, as exploitation is a primary means of relating to others, including by deceit and coercion; use of dominance or intimidation to control others.
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10
Q

What is the age of onset for Antisocial personality disorder?

A

Though typically antisocial personality disorder isn’t diagnosed before age 18, some signs and symptoms may occur in childhood or
the early teen years. Usually there is evidence of conduct disorder symptoms before age 15

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11
Q

What is the ASP Antagonism Dimension of Manipulation?

A

Frequent use of subterfuge to influence or control others; use of seduction, charm, glibness, or ingratiation to achieve one’s ends.

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12
Q

What is the ASP Antagonism Dimension of Deceit?

A

Dishonesty and fraudulence; misrepresentation of self; embellishment or fabrication when relating events.

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13
Q

What is the ASP Antagonism Dimension of Callous?

A

Lack of concern for feelings or problems of others; lack of guilt or remorse about the negative or harmful effects of one’s actions on others; aggression; sadism.

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14
Q

What is the ASP Antagonism Dimension of Hostility?

A

Persistent or frequent angry feelings; anger or irritability in response to minor slights and insults; mean, nasty, or vengeful behavior.

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15
Q

What is the ASP Disinhibition Dimension of Irresponsibility

A

Disregard for and failure to honor financial and other obligations or commitments; lack of respect for and lack of follow through on agreements and promises.

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16
Q

What is the ASP Disinhibition Dimension of Impulsivity

A

Acting on the spur of the moment in response to immediate stimuli; acting on a momentary basis without a plan or consideration of outcomes; difficulty establishing and following plans.

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17
Q

What is the ASP Disinhibition Dimension of Risk Taking

A

Engagement in dangerous, risky, and potentially self-damaging activities, unnecessarily and without regard for consequences; boredom proneness and thoughtless initiation of activities.

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18
Q

What is the Interpersonal Factor of Psychopathy?

A

includes superficial charm, grandiosity, pathological lying and manipulation

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19
Q

What is the Affective Factor of Psychopathy?

A

includes callousness, lack of remorse, shallowness and failure to accept responsibility

20
Q

What is the Impulsive Lifestyle Factor of Psychopathy?

A

that comprises impulsivity, sensation seeking and irresponsibility.

21
Q

What is the Antisocial Factor of Psychopathy?

A

involves general rule breaking

22
Q

What is Antisocial Personality Disorder like in Prison?

A

Antisocial personality disorder is common in prison settings. Surveys of prisoners worldwide indicate a prevalence of antisocial personality disorder of 47% for men and 21% for women.

23
Q

What are inhibitory control deficits

A
  • Aggression is correlated with
    impulsivity.
  • Behaving without thinking
  • Quick decision making
  • Failure to plan
24
Q

What is the treatment for those with inhibitory control deficits?

A
  • Medication can help
    facilitate therapy.
  • Less effective with APD patients.
25
Q

What is Borderline Personality Disorder?

A
  • Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe psychiatric disorder affecting about 3% of the adult population
  • Core features of BPD are affective dysregulation, identity disturbances and problems in social interaction, with an intense fear of loss, abandonment, or rejection by social partners
26
Q

What are some significant impairments in functioning that may manifest in those with BPD?

A
  • Identity: Markedly impoverished, poorly developed, or unstable self-image, often associated with excessive self- criticism; chronic feelings of emptiness; dissociative states under stress.
  • Self-direction: Instability in goals, aspirations, values, or career plans.
27
Q

What are the pathological personality traits in BPD?

A
  • Emotional lability:
  • Anxiousness
  • Separation insecurity
  • Hostility
28
Q

What are the Disinhibition traits in BPD?

A
  • Impulsivity
  • Risk taking
29
Q

What was the BPD “Cyberball” Study?

A

Participants engage in an online ball-tossing game with partners
who they believe to be co- participants, but in fact are pre- programmed virtual players

30
Q

What were the results of the Cyberball Study?

A
  • In the ‘inclusion’ condition, all players receive the same number of ball tosses, whereas in the ‘exclusion’ condition the co-players stop tossing the ball to the subject, thereby excluding him from the game.
  • BPD patients felt more rejected than did healthy controls independent of the experimental conditions, i.e. they felt more rejected even when they were being equally included.
31
Q

Why is it difficult to treat BPD?

A
  • Prone to feel slighted or insulted.
  • Research suggests even in situations they are treated fairly, they experience feelings of being treated unfairly. (Perception)
  • Intense, unstable, and conflicted close relationships, marked by mistrust, neediness, and anxious preoccupation with real or imagined abandonment, boundary breaching.
  • Test therapist’s frustration with a sense of entitlement.
  • Close relationships often viewed in extremes of idealizing the person and devaluing them with alternating between over involvement and withdrawal.
32
Q

What is the Transactional Model of Emotion Dysregulation Development

A
  • Invalidating developmental environment.
  • Some individuals have a sensitive temperament that predisposes them
    to react with intense emotions or it’s a consequence of something that
    happened.
  • Caregivers don’t understand or allow these reactions or help with emotion
    management.
  • Doesn’t learn emotional regulation, how to label emotions and talk about
    them, how to cope with them etc.
  • Child becomes further dysregulated; caregiver becomes more frustrated,
    and it becomes a cycle of dysfunction into adult life.
  • Doesn’t advance goals.
  • Isn’t typically true.
  • Regret later when emotional arousal is attenuated.
  • Damage to relationships.
33
Q

What is Emotion Dysregulation?

A

Exaggerated or misattributed emotions lead to the maladaptive behaviors used to try to regulate emotions.

34
Q

What is the Treatment Focus of Stabilization & Skill Building?

A
  • Assess & Reduce Life Threatening Behaviors
  • Reduce Therapy Interfering Behaviors
  • Reduce Quality of Life Interfering Behaviors
  • Increase Skills that Replace Ineffective Coping
35
Q

What are some Life Threatening Behaviors?

A
  • Suicidal Ideation/Attempts
  • Superficial Attempts / Risky Behavior
36
Q

What are some Therapy Interfering behaviors?

A
  • Missing sessions
  • not completing homework
  • behaviors that interfere with therapist’s motivation to treat client
37
Q

What are some Quality of Life inhibiting behaviors?

A
  • Substance use
  • eating disordered behaviors
  • inability to sustain job, school etc.
38
Q

What is the Strategy of Problem solving?

A
  • change-based
  • Analyzing behavior
  • committing to change
  • taking steps to change
39
Q

What is the Strategy of Validation?

A
  • acceptance-based
  • Engaging client in understanding actions, emotions, and thoughts
40
Q

What are the 3 steps of the Validation Strategy?

A
  1. Communicating to the patient that their responses make sense and are understandable within current life context.
  2. Finding the kernel of truth in the patient’s perspective or situation.
  3. Acknowledging causes of emotions, thoughts, and behaviors.
41
Q

True or false,
Validation Decreases Negative Emotionality?

A

True:

  • Validation helps acclimation to stressful situations.
  • Invalidation leads to high negative emotionality.
42
Q

What is Distress Tolerance?

A

The ability to manage an emotional incident without feeling overwhelmed is called distress tolerance (Linehan, 2014).

43
Q

When are Distress Tolerance: Crisis Survival Skills used?

A
  • When patient in a situation that is
  • Highly stressful
  • Short-term
  • Creating intense pressure to resolve the crisis now
  • AND
  • Acting on emotions and urges will make things worse
  • cannot make things better right away
  • must temporarily tolerate painful events and emotions
44
Q

When are Distress Tolerance: Crisis Survival Skills not to be used?

A
  • Everyday use
  • Solving all of life’s problems
  • Making life worth living
45
Q

What is Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)?

A

Post Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) - attenuated amygdala hyperactivity which correlated with changes in a measure of emotion regulation and increased use of emotion regulation strategies.

46
Q

What is the effectiveness of DBT?

A
  • Multiple randomized controlled studies have shown effectiveness of this therapy for emotion regulation difficulties.
  • Also effective for PTSD.
  • Comprehensive DBT shows robust results with BPD.
  • Medication is typically a part of the beginning of TX.

PSY 230 (11 decks)

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