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PSY 230 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is clinical assessment?

A

The systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in someone with a possible disorder

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2
Q

What is a diagnosis?

A

It is determining whether the problem meets the criteria for a psychological disorder

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3
Q

What is the purpose of a clinical assessment?

A
  • To understand the individual
  • To predict behavior
  • To plan treatment
  • To evaluate treatment outcome
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4
Q

What values does assessment depend on?

A
  • Reliability: the degree to which a measurement is consistent
  • Validity: the degree to which a technique measures what it is designed to measure
    Standardization: application of certain standards to ensure consistency across different measurements
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5
Q

What is Analogous to a Funnel?

A

Starts broad- collecting information across a range of the individual’s functioning to determine where the source of a problem may lie.
Multidimensional in approach. Narrow to specific problem areas.

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6
Q

In the mental status exam, what are areas of assessment for appearance and behavior? Examples?

A
  • Clothing, hygiene, psychomotor activity, posture, facial expression, eye contact.
  • Disheveled, intense eye contact, psychomotor agitation
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7
Q

In the mental status exam, what are the areas of assessment for thoughts? Examples?

A
  • Content and Process Organization of thoughts in goal-oriented pattern
  • Delusions, hallucinations, obsessions, SI/HI Disorganized, tangential, flight of ideas
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8
Q

In the mental status exam, what are the areas of assessment for mood and affect? Examples?

A
  • Mood: subjective report of emotional state of patient
  • Affect: objective observation or patient’s emotional state
  • Sad, manic, angry
    Is it congruent? Appropriate? Flat or blunted affect?
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9
Q

In the mental status exam, what are the areas of assessment for speech? Examples?

A
  • Appropriateness of conversation, rate of speech, tone, volume.
  • Hyperverbal, rapid speech, pressured
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10
Q

In the mental status exam, what are the areas of assessment for Orientation?

A
  • Alert and oriented to person, place, and date
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11
Q

In the mental status exam, what are the areas of assessment for Insight and Judgement? Examples?

A
  • The extent to which the person recognizes and appraises their experiences and makes good decisions
  • What would you do if you saw smoke in a theater?
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12
Q

What is the purpose behavioral assessment?

A
  • purpose is to identify problematic behaviors and situations
  • Direct observations of behavior - environment relations
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13
Q

What is reactivity?

A

When your behavior is being observed, by yourself or someone else, it starts to change

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14
Q

What are the ABC’s of behavioral observation?

A
  • Antecedents, Behaviors, Consequences
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15
Q

What is Neuroimaging and its purpose?

A
  • pictures of the brain
  • To understand brain structure and function
  • Allows researchers to examine noninvasively how structural and/or functional brain abnormalities contribute to relapse and other important clinical outcomes.
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16
Q

What are some examples of Neuroimaging Procedures?

A
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • Electroencephalography (EEG),
  • Positron Emission (PET)
17
Q

What is a Functional MRI

A
  • Detects changes in the local magnetic field that occur as a result of changes in the ratio of oxygenated to deoxygenated hemoglobin in arterial blood vessels in specific brain regions during a cognitive task.
  • The rationale for interpreting these changes as cellular activity is that cells in the brain, like those elsewhere in the body, use oxygen as fuel. (BOLD Blood-Oxygen-Level Dependent).
  • As cells increase in activity, they increase their demand for oxygen, and the arterial blood vessels respond by delivering more oxygenated hemoglobin to the region.
18
Q

In a Functional MRI, how do Researchers compare multiple images of a single individual?

A
  • At rest and then performing a task, or before and after exposure to a drug.
  • Or map which brain regions he or she activates to perform mental tasks or in response to experiences or chemical exposures.
19
Q

In a Functional MRI, how do Researchers compare different individuals?

A
  • From different groups—for example, drug-addicted and nonaddicted.
  • This can reveal differences in brain regions the two groups use to perform identical tasks or respond to stimuli or exposures.
20
Q

What is the Foundations in Classification for Diagnosing Psychological Disorders?

A
  • System for describing categories or dimensions of a disorder.
  • Classification is not a diagnosis.
21
Q

What is Classification?

A

-Categorical and dimensional approaches
-Classical (or pure) categorical approach—strict categories (e.g., you either have social anxiety disorder or you don’t)
- Dimensional approach—classification along dimensions (e.g., different people have varying amounts of anxiety in social situations)
- Prototypical approach—combines classical and dimensional views

22
Q

What are some Drawbacks to Classification?

A
  • Labeling
  • Contributes to stigma.
  • Stigma contributes to discrimination in housing, employment, relationships, treatment, etc.
  • Imperfect diagnostic categories
  • The same label may be applied to similar behaviors that have varying causes.
23
Q

What are some Benefits to Classification?

A
  • Provides information about the cause(s) of a condition.
  • Provides common language.
  • Realistic prognoses, founded in research.
  • Indicates treatment options.
  • Provides outlines for possible prevention programs.
24
Q

What is DSM?

A
  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
  • Developed by the American Psychiatric Association.
  • Prototypical Approach
  • Latest: DSM 5 tr
  • Committees/Boards- Voting
  • Socio-cultural factors determine what is a disorder.
  • Example - Sexual orientation and the DSM
25
Q

What was happening to Women in the 19th and 20th century?

A

institutionalized
Also given sedatives to keep women docile and at home.
-Given Benzodiazepines Pathologizing normal emotions and conditions
- Targeting women
- Still today- 2- 1 prescription female to male

26
Q

What are Multidimensional Models?

A
  • Interdisciplinary, eclectic, and integrative
  • “System” of influences that cause and maintain
    suffering
  • Draw upon information from several sources
  • Abnormal behavior results from multiple influences
27
Q

What are some Multidimensional Models of Abnormal Behavior?l

A

Biological
Behavioral
Emotional
Social & cultural
Developmental
Environmental

28
Q

What is Gene-Environment Interaction?

A
  • Genetic contributions can’t be studied without taking into consideration interactions with environmental factors.
  • Environmental factors can trigger an underlying genetic predisposition that supports the development of a psychological disorder.
29
Q

What is the MAO - A

A
  • The MAO-A gene produces Monoamine Oxidase, a chemical that is involved in the breakdown of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine in synapses.
  • MAO-A gene has been associated with increased aggressiveness.
30
Q

What is the Diathesis Model?

A
  • Individuals with genetic risk are at an increased likelihood of adverse outcomes when exposed to high-risk environments.
  • Diathesis: Condition that makes someone susceptible to developing a disorder.
  • Example: Vulnerability to Alcohol Use Disorder + High Risk Environment

PSY 230 (11 decks)

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