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EPSS 116 > Lecture 14 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Jack Hill zircons are from

A

Hadean (4.4 Ga)

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2
Q

active period bodies hitting each other during Hadean

A

late heavy bombardment

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3
Q

first fossils

A

Archean (3.5 Ga)

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4
Q

Snowball earth

A

Cryogenian (Protoerozoic)

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5
Q

Great Oxidation event

A

Proterozoic

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6
Q

– has three stable isotopes are used as
traces of biological, geological and cosmological
processes.”

A

oxygen (16,17,18)

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7
Q

oxygen isotopic composition of the Sun

A

megaSIMS

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8
Q

oxygen isotopic composition of the Moon

A

Panorama

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9
Q

oxygen isotopic composition of the Earth’s Hadean crust (can’t see)

A

ion probes

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10
Q

Jack Hills zircons are resistant to chemical and physical attack but recycled by erosion into –

A

younger Archean sandstones

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11
Q

Only a – of the detrital zircons are older than 4 Ga

A

tiny fraction

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12
Q

Oxygen isotope ratios of the zircons

provide evidence of early – and the existence of oceans.

A

continental

crust

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13
Q

Hadean zircons are – than the mantle, implying clays, and hence water (clay from water-rock reactions)

A

heavier

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14
Q

Sugitani’s 3 Ga –

A

microfossils

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15
Q

3 branches of life determined from

A

SS rRNA

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16
Q

root of SS rRNA tree between

A

archaea and bacteria

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17
Q

ring of life has – in the middle

A

eukaryotes

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18
Q

closure of ring of life due to – (genetics)

A

HGT

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19
Q

Euk crown group; all have or had

A

mitochondria

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20
Q

T/F: chloroplasts after crown group

A

true

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21
Q

shared between archaea and eukarya

A

histones

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22
Q

cholesterol =

A

active biomolecule

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23
Q

cholesterane =

A

carbon skeleton (lacks double bond and OH group)

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24
Q

archaeozoa

A

Giardia

25
Q

Archezoa hypothesis – after discovery of relict mitochondrial genes in protists like Giardia

A

rejected

26
Q

Some living unicellular eukaryotes lack
mitochondria because they never had them
• They branched off the eukaryote line before
the endosymbiosis that merged free-living
proteobacteria with a eukaroytic host

A

Archezoa hypothesis

27
Q

T/F: loss of mitochondria not confined to a specific area

A

true

28
Q

existing evidence of life on early Earth: multicellular microfossils, light carbon in kerogens, –, microbialites and stromatolites

A

heavy carbon in carbonates

29
Q

burial of organic matter –> – interlocked network of carbon; source of petroleum

A

kerogen

30
Q

Stephen Mojsis on Akilia Greenland found evidence of carbon isotope in rock using Ur-Pb

A

apatite with graphite

31
Q

Found in Triassic oil reservoir sandstone”
• resemble fungi but 10 times smaller
Grew in a petri dish in the laboratory”
• Composed of C, O, and N; stained for DNA

A

nanobes

32
Q

Nanobes, discovered at UQ, are a miniature version
of the pitch drop experiment. Pitch under – in the Triassic reservoir sandstone flowed out of the
rock slowly over many months – making nanobes

A

high pressure

33
Q

– hold microfossils together

A

polysaccharide

34
Q

stromatolites, WA

A

3.4 Ga

35
Q

4.3+ Ga – from granites

formed from rocks that had contact with oceans

A

zircons

36
Q

3.8+ Ga – in Greenland

A

graphite

37
Q

3.5 Ga structures which resemble

younger – Australian microfossils

A

multicellular

38
Q

3.5 Ga conical stromatolites which

seem only able to be formed by –

A

living organisms

39
Q

Hadean ann Archean had – seas

A

ferrous

40
Q

Hadean ann Archean had – atmosphere

A

methane

41
Q

Proterozoic had – seas

A

sulfidic

42
Q

Proterozoic had – atmosphere

A

oxygen-rich

43
Q

Phanerozoic had – seas and atmosphere

A

oxygen

44
Q

Reduction of oxygen provides more –

per electron than almost any other element

A

energy

45
Q

T/F: O=O bond strength allows O2 to build up in

planetary atmospheres

A

true

46
Q

T/F: An O2-rich atmosphere is the largest
feasible energy source for any planet
• On Earth, use of oxygen for metabolic and
constructional purposes permitted the
evolution of complex organisms.

A

true

47
Q

great oxidation event discovered at

A

lake Superior region stratigraphic section

48
Q

GOE: Fe+++, ice ages, Fe++, and –

A

granite (2.5 Ga)

49
Q

GOE seen in appearance of red beds

A

~2.3 Ga ago

50
Q

Grypania spiralis eukaryotes after GOE so it’s –

A

photosynthetic

51
Q

T/F: red algae is older than green algae

A

true

52
Q

dominant fossils one cell protists of Phanerozoic

A

acritarchs

53
Q

Eukaryote characters were acquired –

A

sequentially

54
Q

Modern-looking – by 1.9 Ga ago

A

cyanobacteria

55
Q

sulfidic seas replaced ferrous seas after –

A

GOE

56
Q

Grypania may be a – group eukaryote alga

A

crown

57
Q

red and green algae and acritarchs,

are known from the younger –

A

Proterozoic

58
Q

Cryogenian global glaciations (“Snowball Earths”)
were the prelude to the “Cambrian explosion” of
–

A

multicellular life

EPSS 116 (17 decks)

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