Lecture 14 pt.2 Flashcards
(42 cards)
What is the mismatches in the timing of phenological shifts can disrupt interactions between species known as?
Disrupted Synchrony
What is an example of disrupted synchrony?
Winter moth egg hatching and oak bud burst in Europe:
- eggs have suspended development and start developing from Late Feb
What occurs if eggs hatch prior bud burst?
- If eggs hatch prior to bud burst-> caterpillars starve
What happens if eggs hatch after bud burst?
- If they hatch after bud burst, the caterpillars will eat less digestible leaves due to higher tannin concentrations. This can cause lower weight or longer larval period and more chance of predation or parasitism
What disrupts environmental sex determination?
climate change
What is environmental sex determination?
Sex of the offspring in many reptiles is determined by the temperatures experienced during embryonic development
What happens to the % of males as temperature increases?
% males decline
Which species example is provided that is temperature dependent sex determination that may be vulnerable to extinction due to climate warming?
Tuatara
Tuatara is the remaining member of which group?
Sphenodon
Where are the Tuatara found?
New Zealand
What determines the temperature dependent sex determination (TSD) in a turtle?
It’s determined by transcription of the chromatin modifier gene Kdm6b which confers temperature sensitivity to sex-determining gene Dmrt1
What examples of species range shifts were talked about?
- very common response to climate change
- with warming northern limits can shift north
- reverse for cooling
- ranges can also shift along altitude
- changes are due to local extinction-recolonization
- different species shift at different rates
Do all species shift?
No
What happens if an area (ex- in the North) becomes to cold and species there can’t support it but don’t move?
Local extinction
What is it called when a species does move?
Range shift
What is it called when a species moves back to its original habitat because climate got better for it?
Recolonization
What is seen in the example of the Butterfly in Sweden and Finland?
No local extinction, just range expansion
What species is easiest to track in terms of range shift? Why?
Plants bc of its pollen
What is seen in the altitudinal shifts in small mammals in Yosemite?
- Species originally from higher altitudes began to shift down bc temp has gotten warmer
- Species originally from lower altitudes began to shift up bc “ “
What was the environment like in the Sahara 5-6K years ago?
Not the desert it is today, there was a ton of rainfall occurring in the area; very lush and habitable environment
How can models be useful in predicting the effects of future warming on species and ecosystems?
Use current environmental distributions of species and information about physiology to predict new distributions under different climatic conditions
What are the advantages of models?
can be applied to many different species and predict responses to different climate change scenarios
What are the disadvantages in using models?
- data limitations
- still too simplistic- do not take into account effects of plasticity, local adaptations or interactions among species
- assumes that species will not be able to evolve adaptations to new conditions
What kind of experiments are done in predicting the effects of future warming on species and ecosystems?
Micro and mesocosm: field experiments mostly restricted to certain types of plant communities; lab experiments restricted to short lived species
