Lecture 15

Question 1

What is the estimate for 2050 on human growth?

Answer 1

9-11 billion

Question 2

What was observed in 2010 on the urban and rural population?

Answer 2

in 2010 there was a shift from predominately rural species to predominately urban species for humans

Question 3

What is wildlife trade?

Answer 3

sale and trading by people of wild animal and plant resources

Question 4

How long ago was meat eating common in early Homo?

Answer 4

Paleoanthropological data show that 1.8 million years ago meat eating was quite common in early Homo

Question 5

Was the origin of fishing ancient in our lineage as well?

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

Which populations harvest fish from freshwater lakes?

Answer 6

Homo habilis and Homo erectus

Question 7

Homo erectus collected what? What did they do about 800,000 years ago?

Answer 7

Collected shellfish

May have undertaken short sea crossings in SE Asia about 800,000 years ago

Question 8

By H. sapiens was date back to Middle Stone Age?

Answer 8

Intensive marine foraging

Question 9

Combined fishing of aquatic species and hunting of terrestrial could have fueled what?

Answer 9

May have fueled the geographic and demographic expansion of anatomically modern humans out of Africa along the shores of S. Asia about 70,000-50,000 years ago

Question 10

Current scientific and policy literature separates what from fisheries and plant and timber harvesting?

Answer 10

Separates trade and terrestrial animals (mostly vertebrates)

Question 11

What are the two components of wildlife trade business?

Answer 11

Legal and illegal

Question 12

What can pose a challenge for estimating biological and economic impacts?

Answer 12

That the dividing line between local and subsistence use and national and global trade in wildlife is often BLURRY

Question 13

How known is the scale and valuation of international trade in natural biological resources?

Answer 13

Poorly known

Question 14

What remains the best documented components of wildlife trade?

Answer 14

Timber and fisheries

Question 15

Why is wild food products important in poor and rural communities?

Answer 15

They are a very important source of nutrition and resource

Question 16

What is “famine foods”?

Answer 16

used only at a time of scarcity

Question 17

What are examples of “famine foods”?

Answer 17

fruits, nuts, mushrooms, starch, meat and fish

Question 18

What provides more than 20% of protein intake in rural communities?

Answer 18

Wild meat and fish

Question 19

What is trees and plants important for in rural areas?

Answer 19

An important source of fuel for cooking and heating- about 90% of fuel wood production is in developing countries

Question 20

What is bushmeat?

Answer 20

wild meat, wild animal protein derived from hunting

Question 21

What is bushmeat trade in the tropics considered?

Answer 21

one of the pressing conservation problems

Question 22

What are the overall estimates of bushmeat harvest in the Congo basin?

Answer 22

3-5 million tons per year

Question 23

What is the overall estimate of bushmeat harvest in the Amazon basin?

Answer 23

at least 3.5 million animals are taken each year

Question 24

Why is bushmeat hunting opportunistic?

Answer 24

because tropical species tend to be rare and involves a wide variety of species

Question 25

Why can bushmeat hunting be harmful for very rare and globally threatened/endangered species?

Answer 25

Because although these species make up a very small proportion of the harvested species, that rate of take can seriously impact some of these species Ex- in central and west Africa great apes make up <1% of bushmeat trade but even that can lead to extinctions of some of these species

Question 26

Why is bushmeat trade increasing globally?

Answer 26

Demand for meat is increasing

Question 27

What had made hunting more efficient?

Answer 27

Modern technologies allowing for higher take rates

Question 28

What are examples of human usage of wild resources?

Answer 28

- Food - Medicine - Ornaments and furnishings - Apparel - Pets/hobbies - Ornamental plants - Construction and manufacturing

Question 29

What are the drivers of wildlife trade?

Answer 29

- Demands of food supply - Healthcare needs - Religious practices - Collectors - Clothing and fashion - Sport

Question 30

In the study of changes in carbon stocks in forest biomass from 1990-2010, what trend is seen?

Answer 30

Carbon stocks in forests have declined over this 20 year period

Question 31

In the study of Net change in forest area by country from 2005-2010, what trend is seen?

Answer 31

The rate of deforestation is still very high but maybe slowing down a bit. Africa and S.America still have the largest net losses

Question 32

In the study of Changes in area of planted forest from 1990-2010, what trend is seen?

Answer 32

Areas of plants forests have increased in this 20 year period

Question 33

What is the species in the planted forest areas?

Answer 33

Introduced species, a lot of them are not native species

Question 34

What is the trend of planted forests?

Answer 34

It is increasing and now accounts for 7% of total forest area

Question 35

How much do primary forests account for and what is the trend seen?

Answer 35

Accounts for 36% of forest area but have been declining since 2000

Question 36

How much of the world's forests do protected areas cover?

Answer 36

about 13% and increasing

Question 37

What is the estimated forest animals killed for meat each year in West and Central Africa?

Answer 37

1 million tons

Question 38

What is the biggest threat in some areas to wildlife than deforestation?

Answer 38

hunting

Question 39

What species are involved in bushmeat trade?

Answer 39

range from rodents to elephants

Question 40

What is 1.1 million tons of wildlife harvest in central Africa equivalent to? What is it valued at?

Answer 40

to about 4 million cattle and values > 1 billion US $

Question 41

What is a cause of the distinction between subsistence and commercial hunting decreasing?

Answer 41

as roads and other infrastructures get better

Question 42

What is the relationship of the pattern of bushmeat consumptions with economic development?

Answer 42

Inverted U shape (The environmental Kuznets Curve)- initially environment decays (environmental degradation increases) but then theres a turning point as capita continues to increase environment improves and environmental degradation decreases

Question 43

Why is it problem that the wildlife trade at US imports are unsure of some species being imported?

Answer 43

animals play a large role in spreading diseases-> not knowing what the specimens are being moved, allows another way of potential pathway of pathogen transmission around the world

Question 44

What is ghost fishing?

Answer 44

Some nets are lost and marine species get caught in them and die