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BIEB 140 > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

Which group is thought to be Vertebrates close relative?

A
  • Tunicates (Urochordata)
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2
Q

What about Tunicates originated the hypothesis that they are Vertebrates close relative?

A
  • By looking at the larvae free-swimming, it showed most of the major chordate traits including a notochord
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3
Q

What is another close relative to the Vertebrates?

A

Lancelet (Cephalochordate)- small eel-like animals

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4
Q

Are fishes monophyletic or paraphyletic and why?

A

Paraphyletic because it includes all vertebrates excluding tetrapods and paraphyletic is defined by exclusion

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5
Q

What two groups are under Fishes?

A

1) Agnatha- jawless fishes: only two living groups but were diverse in the Paleozoic
2) Jawed fishes- rest of the living fish species

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6
Q

What are the two living species of jawless (agnatha) fish?

A

Hagfishes and Lampreys

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7
Q

What is the typical size for Hagfish? How and what do they feed on? Defensive mechanism?

A
  • About 0.5m but some as large as >4ft
  • Feed on polychaete worms as well as larger dead and dying animals ranging from shrimps and hermit crabs to fishes, birds, and whale
  • Produce a substantial amount of slime as a defense mechanism
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8
Q

What is Osteichthyes?

A
  • Bony fishes
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9
Q

What amount of living fish species are in Osteichthyes?

A

-contains vast majority of about 23000 living fish species

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10
Q

What effect do scales in Osteichthyes have?

A

-Scales articulate and overlap– provides rigidity to trunk and improve swimming ability; overlap of scales allows for flexibility which allows for better swimming

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11
Q

What are Actinopterygii?

A

Ray-finned fishes and a group under Osteichthyes

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12
Q

How diverse are the Actinopterygii?

A

The MOST diverse group of living fishes

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13
Q

Where are Actinopterygii found?

A

Found from the deepest part of the ocans to the highest freshwater habitats

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14
Q

What characterizes Actinopterygii?

A

Characterized by “fin rays”- bony spines that support the webs of skin in the fins

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15
Q

What are Dipnoi?

A

Lung fishes and a group under Osteichthyes

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16
Q

When was Dipnoi diverse?

A

Very diverse during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic- excellent fossil record

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17
Q

How many genera of Dipnoi are there today?

A

Only 3 genera survive today in Africa, S. America, and Australia

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18
Q

What unique ability was evolved from Dipnoi?

A

Evolved the ability to breathe air!

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19
Q

What are Crossopterygii?

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A

Lobe-finned fishes and another group under Osteichthyes

20
Q

What are Crossopterygii aka?

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A

Sarcopterygii

21
Q

What were Sarcopterygii during the Devonian?

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A

A major group of large predators during the Devonian

22
Q

What was thought about Crossopterygii?

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A

Though to have been extinct since Mesozoic

23
Q

When was the first specimen of Crossopterygii found?

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A

The first specimen of Coelacanth was discovered in 1938 off S. Africa

24
Q

How many known species of Crossopterygii are there?

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A

At least 2 known species- one recently found off Indonesia

25
Where are Coelacanth found?
Deep water habitats, often in caves and canyons.
26
What kind of feeders are Coelacanth?
Opportunistic bottom drift feeder, known to feed on other fishes, cephalopods, etc.
27
How many freshwater fish species are known? Are they well described?
- More than 2000 known indigenous freshwater fish species | - Huge diversity not yet described
28
What are the two most species-rich groups of freshwater fishes of Africa?
1) Cichlidae | 2) Cyprinidae
29
Where are the Cichlidae and Cyprinidae found? Which one is more diverse?
- Cichlids more diverse and found laregly in lakes | - Cyprinids occur mainly in rivers
30
What are causes of cichlid radiation?
- Cichlids tend to speciate more when sexually dichromatic - Species in older and deeper lakes also tend to speciate more - Sexual selection driving speciation (best known in Lake Victoria)
31
What are causes of the decline of native freshwater fishes of African Rift lakes?
- Overfishing - Pollution and agricultural runoff - Introductions of exotic species
32
What happened when the Nile perch was introduced in 1954?
- In early 1980s Nile perch went through a series of population explosions and a major declines in native fish diversity occured - by 1983 Nile perch was about 80% of fish biomass in Kenya
33
What is the Tiktaalik roseate and why is it important?
- An extraordinary fossil fish - Important bc it is one of the earliest bridges between jaw fishes and land vertebrates; had both fish and tetrapod traits
34
What fish traits did the Tiktaalik have?
- Scales covering the entire body - Fins- could have been used to swim like fish - Gills & lungs- had both like other primitive fish
35
What tetrapod traits did the Tiktaalik have?
- Neck: head and shoulders were differentiated unlike in fish where shoulder bones are attached to the skull; could move its head around on the neck - Ribs: full set of ribs used to breathe air and support body - Head: much flatter compared to fish with eyes on top of the skull like those of a crocodile - Fin skeleton with the basic bone structure all tetrapods have
36
Could Tiktaalik walk?
No but the front fins could support their weight
37
What are Ichthyostega?
- 363 m.y. old and the earliest known land vertebrate; before the Tiktaalik this was the fossil and more advanced in being a land vertebrate than the Tiktaalik
38
What are Lissamphibia?
-Living amphibians
39
Are Lissamphibia mono, para, or polyphyletic? How many living species are known?
-Monophyletic with about 6800 living species
40
What are the three main groups of Lissamphibia?
1) Anura or "tail-less amphibians" - frogs and toads 2) Urodele (or Caudata)- newts & salamanders 3) Gymnophiona or limb-less amphibians
41
Which is a more described species between living Amphibians and Mammals?
Living Amphibians
42
Where is the highest diversity of Salamanders (Caudata)?
N. America
43
What causes are known to decline global Amphibian?
- Introduce species - Various pathogens - Increased UV-B radiation - Habitat destruction - Climate change - Exploitation- sold as food, pets, medicinal use - Pollution and pesticides
44
What groups make up the Amniotes?
1) Anapsids 2) Synapsids 3) Diapsids
45
What makes up each group in Amniotes?
1) Anapsids- primitive group of tetrapods in the Paleozoic; most likely a paraphyletic group 2) Synapsids- led to mammals 3) Diapsids- rest of the reptiles including dinosaurs + birds
46
What are functions of temporal openings?
1) Reduces concentraiton of mechanical stress in the skull | 2) Room for increased attachment & bulging of jaw muscles

BIEB 140 (11 decks)

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