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Physiology > lecture 14 - respiratory system 1 > Flashcards

lecture 14 - respiratory system 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

functions of the respiratory system?

A

exchange of gases

regulation of body pH

protection from inhaled pathogens and irritants

vocalisation

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2
Q

overview of the gas exchange system?

A

ventilation/external respiration

internal transport

internal respiration

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3
Q

what is ventilation?

A

exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs

external respiration

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4
Q

what is internal transport?

A

movement of gas from lungs to the blood circulation

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5
Q

what is internal respiration?

A

gas exchange at the cellular level

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6
Q

what are the right and left lungs separated by?

A

the heart and the mediastinum

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7
Q

whats the hilum?

A

triangular depression on the mediastinal surface of each lung where the primary bronchi, blood, sympathetic vessels and nerves enter and exit the lung

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8
Q

whats the cardiac notch?

A

groove in the mediastinal surface of of the left lung where it comes into contact with the heart

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9
Q

wheres the start of the respiratory system?

A

the nasal cavity

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10
Q

how many lobes are the lungs divided into?

A

right - 3 lobes

left - 2 lobes

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11
Q

what are the conducting systems?

A

not involved in gas exchange - main role is to move air in

comprised of:
• upper respiratory tract
• lower respiratory tract

lead from external environment to exchange surfaces

warm, humidify and filter inspired air

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12
Q

what is the upper respiratory tract made of?

A
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
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13
Q

what is the lower respiratory tract made of?

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
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14
Q

what is the respiratory zone?

A

comprised of alveoli and capillary system

gas exchange surface

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15
Q

what does the nose and naval cavity do?

A
  • inhaled air is warmed and humidified
  • filters debris
  • secretes antibacterial substances
  • has olfactory receptors for smell
  • enhances resonance of voice
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16
Q

what does the pharynx (throat) do?

A
  • warm, humidify and filter inspired air
  • soft palate component moves posteriorly during swallowing to prevent food from entering nasopharynx and nasal cavity
  • protects against mechanisms stress (air and food)
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17
Q

what does the larynx do?

A
  • prevents food and liquids entering the respiratory tract

* sound production

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18
Q

the bronchial tree

A

lower respiratory tract conducting system

trachea branches into 2 primary bronchi - left and right

5 secondary bronchi
18 tertiary bronchi

divide into bronchioles

terminal division into a cluster of alveoli

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19
Q

how does the structure of airways relate to the function

A

as conducting systems divide the cross sections area increases exponentially

large SA for gas exchange at alveoli

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20
Q

epithelial cells of the lower conducting system

A
  • goblet cells
  • ciliated cells
  • mucocilary escalator
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21
Q

what do goblet cells do?

Study These Flashcards
A

secrete mucus to form a continuous mucus layer over the surface of the respiratory tract

22
Q

what do ciliated cells so?

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A

produce saline

sweep mucus upwards to pharynx

23
Q

what does the mucociliary escalator do?

Study These Flashcards
A

removes noxious particles from the lungs

saline secretion essential for functioning mucociliary escalator

24
Q

how is cystic fibrosis causes?

Study These Flashcards
A

defect in CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator channel)

results in decreased fluid component of mucus

thick, sticky mucus layer cannot be cleared

bacteria can colonise causing recurrent lung infections

25
how is the trachea kept open?
C-shaped cartilage rings
26
what is the posterior surface of the trachea covered with?
elastic connective tissue and smooth muscle allows oesophagus to expand during swallowing
27
what are the 3 main histological changes that occur as the bronchi divide?
cartilage changes to complete rings, to progressively fewer, irregular plates epithelium gradually changes to columnar cells in smaller bronchi amount of smooth muscle increases
28
structure of bronchioles
non-ciliated epithelium smooth muscle layer no cartilage branch into 2 alveolar ducts
29
where do alveolar ducts end?
in alveolar sacs - grape like clusters of alveoli which are surrounded by elastic fibres and a network of capillaries
30
vasculature of the alveoli
extensive capillary network provides large SA for exchange pulmonary artery supplies deoxygenated blood pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood away
31
structure of alveoli
single epithelial layer supported by elastic fibres large SA
32
what are the 2 types of alveoli?
type 1 alveolar cell • 90% of alveoli • very thin • for gas exchange type 2 alveolar cell • smaller • thicker • produce surfactant
33
what do macrophages do?
protect alveolar structures from non-filtered small particles
34
what does ventilation involve?
diaphragm respiratory muscles pressure changes
35
what is inhalation?
active contraction of the diaphragm
36
what is expiration?
passive relaxation of the diaphragm
37
what do the repsiraoty muscles do?
external intercostal muscles and scalenes raise rib cage upwards and outwards in quiet breathing, expiration is passive in forced breathing, intercostal muscles are active and accessory muscles play a role
38
what is the mechanics of breathing?
movement of the thoracic cage and diaphragm during breathing inspiration - increase is thoracic volume expiration - decrease in thoracic volume
39
what is Boyle's law?
describes the relationship between pressure and volume states that as: • volume increases, pressure decreases • volume decreases, pressure increases
40
what pressure gradients influence ventilation?
atmospheric pressure intrapulmonary pressure intrapleural pressure
41
what is atmospheric pressure?
pull of gravity of air around us creates atmospheric pressure
42
what is intrapulmonary pressure?
air pressure in the alveoli rises and falls with inspiration and expiration always eventually equalises with atmospheric pressure
43
what is intrapleural pressure?
pressure in the pleural cavity rises and falls with inspiration and expiration doesn't equalise with atmospheric pressure
44
what are pleural sacs?
go around each lung - not fully: gap where bronchi and blood vessels enter and leave the lung double membraned in-between the 2 membranes there is a pericardial cavity
45
what does the pericardial cavity do?
creates a tiny layer of fluid helps keep the membranes together
46
what is the outer layer of the plural sac?
parietal pleura fused to ribcage, diaphragm and other local structures
47
what is the inner layer of the plural sac?
visceral pleura continuous with the surface of the lungs
48
what do pleural fluid do?
acts as a lubricant to allow lung to move within thorax maintains lung inflation at rest
49
summary of inspiration
* contraction of inspiratory muscles * increase thoracic volume * decrease intrapleural pressure * increase lung volume * decrease alveolar pressure * air into lungs
50
summary of expiration
* relaxation of inspiratory muscles * decrease thoracic volume * increase intrapleural pressure * decrease lung volume * increase alveolar pressure * air out of lungs to functional residual capacity
51
summary of forced expiration
* contraction of expiratory muscles * decrease thoracic volume * increase intrapleural pressure * decrease lung volume * increase alveolar pressure * air out of lungs below functional residual capacity

Physiology (29 decks)

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