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lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

diencephalon is covered by what? what do these two structures form?

A
  • covered by telencephelon

- together, make cerebrum

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2
Q

the diencephalon is a _____ extension of the _____

A

rostral, brainstem

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3
Q

the diencephalon has widespread connections to:

A

motor, sensory and limbic pathways (diverse)

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4
Q

how many and what are the divisions of the diencephalon?

A

epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus

4

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5
Q

describe the location of the divisions of the diencephalon

A
  • thalamus is located in the centre of the brain, below the lateral ventricles (2 lobes)
  • epithalamuc sits on either side of the 3rd ventricle (innermost part of the thalamus), on top of the thalamus, below lateral ventricles
  • hypothalamus sits below and infront of the thalamus at the bottom of the 3rd ventricle
  • subthalamus sits on either side of the hypothalamus, below the thalamus
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6
Q

what are the external landmarks of the diencephalon?

A
  • optic chiasm
  • optic tract
  • caudal border of mammillary bodies
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7
Q

describe the optic chiasm as an external landmark

A

forms the anterior boundary of the hypothalamus

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8
Q

describe the optic tract as an external landmark

A

forms the lateral boundary of the hypothalamus

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9
Q

describe the mammillary bodies as an external landmark

A

part of the hypothalamus, form its posterior boundary

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10
Q

what are the internal landmarks of the diencephalon from a coronal section?

A
  • internal capsule
  • 3rd ventricle
  • tegmentum of the midbrain
  • floor of body of lateral ventricles
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11
Q

describe the internal capsule as an internal landmark

A

forms the lateral borders of the diencephalon
(contact w thalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus)
(fibres of nerve bundles running along outside)

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12
Q

describe the 3rd ventricle as an internal landmark

A

forms the medial boundary of the diencephalon

contact w epithalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus, doesnt pass all the way through the hypothalamus tho

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13
Q

describe the tegmentum as an internal landmark

A

forms the inferior boundary of the diencephalon

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14
Q

describe the lateral ventricles as an internal landmark

A

forms the superior and dorsal boundaries of the diencephalon (contact w epithalamus and thalamus)

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15
Q

what are the internal landmarks of the diencephalon from a sagittal section?

A
  • anterior commissure to optic chiasm

- mammillary bodies to pineal gland

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16
Q

describe the anterior commissure as an internal landmark

A

white matter tract of crossing nevre fibres that sits at the anterior wall of the 3rd ventricle (top of the hypothalamus)

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17
Q

describe the mamillary bodies as an internal landmark

A

pair of small round bodies located at the posterior of the hypothalamus (roughly same level as optic chiasm)

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18
Q

where is the epithalamus located?

A

posterior to thalamus (thalamus forms its anterior boundary)

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19
Q

what does the epithalamus contain?

A
  • pineal gland

- habenular nuclei

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20
Q

describe the pineal gland in relation to the epithalamus

A
  • the base of the pineal stalk is formed from the habenular nuceli and posterior commisures
  • hangs btwn lobes
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21
Q

what is the function of the pineal gland

A

production and secretion of melatonin (controls carcadian rhythm - sleep)

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22
Q

describe the habenular nuclei in relation to the epithalamus

A

small group of nuclei located in the epithalamus

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23
Q

what is the function of the habenular nuclei?

A

functions as a center for the integration of smell, visceral and somatic efferent pathways
(i.e., connects limbic system to the midbrain)

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24
Q

input for the habenular nuclei?

A

stria medullaris

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25
output for the habenuclar nuclei?
habenular interpeduncular tract
26
where is the hypothalamus located?
- inferior to thalamus - projects anterior to thalamus - at bottom of 3rd ventricle - anterior boundary = optic chiasm - lateral boundary = optic tract - posterior boundary = mammillary bodies
27
what does the hypothalamus contain?
- mammillary bodies | - infundibulum (pituitary stalk)
28
what is the overall function of the hypothalamus?
visceral control center
29
what are the four general functions of the hypothalamus?
(1) visceromotor (automatic) control area (2) viscerosensory control area (3) regulatory area for hormone release from ant pit (4) endocrine role
30
describe the hypothalamus as an area for visceromotor control
- controls automatic centers of the brain stem involved in HR, BP, breathing and digestive functions - controls somatic motor patterns associated with emotions
31
describe the hypothalamus as an area for vicersosensory control
- regulates water balance and thirst | - regulates body temp (functions as thermostat)
32
describe the hypothalamus as a regulatory area for hormone release from the pituitary gland
hypothalamic releasing hormones (released from hypo, travel down stalk to) control the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary
33
describe the endocrine role of the hypothalamus
- secretes antidieuretic hormone (aka vasopressin) - functions related to blood volume, body temp, etc. - secretes oxytocin - functions related to female reproduction
34
the hypothalamus also has connections to the:
limbic system
35
pituitary gland is aka
hypophysis
36
pineal gland is aka
epiphysis
37
anterior lobe of pituitary gland is aka
adenohypophysis
38
posterior lobe of pituitary gland is aka
neurohypophysis
39
the anterior pituitary releases which hormoes? where are they produced?
ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH, GH, and prolactin | -produced in ant pit (stimulated for release by HRH)
40
the posterior pituitary releases which hormones? where are they produced?
ADH, oxytocin | -produced in hypothalamus
41
why are the two lobes of the pituitary so different?
ant pit develops from the epithelium of the developing pharynx, post pit develops from the diencephalon (ant grows up into post growing down)
42
where is the subthalamus located?
- inferior & anterior to thalamus: - posterior boundary = thalamus - lateral boundary = internal capsule - medial boundary - hypothalamus
43
what does the subthalamus contain?
- subthalamic nucleus - zona incerta - ascending sensory pathways - motor related tracts
44
describe the subthalamic nucleus in relation to the subthalamus
- largest part of the subthalamus - connections with the globus pallidus of the basal ganglia - involved in the control of motor function
45
describe the zona incerta in relation to the subthalamus
- horizontally elongated region of gray matter - extension of reticular fibres from the midbrain - functions related to visceral survival activities (e.g. water/food intake)
46
describe ascending sensory pathways in relation to the subthalamus
- pathways moving through subthalamus on route to thalamus | - include: medial lemniscus and spinothalamic tract (aka spinal lemniscus)
47
describe the motor tracts in relation to the subthalamus
these include: - cerebellothalamic tracts from the dentate nucleus - pallidothalamic fibres from the globus pallidus
48
what are the subthalamic midbrain insertions?
- red nucleus - substantia nigra - reticular formation
49
where is the thalamus located?
- anterior boundary = interventricular foramen - posterior boundary = midbrain - superior boundary = lateral ventricles - inferior boundary = hypothalamic sulcus
50
describe the shape of the thalamus
bilateral masses of gray matter (two symmetrical oval shaped lobes)
51
what is the massa intermedia?
- aka interthalamic adhesion | - medial connection btwn thalami (lobes)
52
what are the functions of the thalamus?
- sensory impulse relay center (except olfaction) | - motor processing through connection with basal ganglia and cerebellum
53
thalamic connections to the cerebral cortex are
bidirectional
54
what are the subdivisions of the thalamus?
- anterior - medial - lateral
55
how are the subdivisions of the thalamus separated?
by the internal medullary lamina (band of myelinated fibres)
56
what are the intralaminar nuclei?
- collections of neurons in the thalamus located within the internal medullary lamina - are involved in own specific brain functions (dont need to know)
57
describe the anterior nuclear group of the thalamus
- input: hypothalamus, hippocampus, mammillary bodies | - output: cingulate gyrus (limbic systems) for functions in emotion, memory and learning
58
describe the medial nuclear group of the thalamus
- input: thalamus and hypothalamus | - output: prefrontal cortex (frontal lobe) for functions in concious awareness of emotional states
59
describe the lateral nucelar group of the thalamus
further subdivided into 3 principal nuclei: - ventral - lateral posterior - posterior
60
describe the ventral principal nuclei
further subdivided into: - ventral anterior - ventral lateral - ventral posterior
61
describe ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei
- input: reticular formation, substantia nigra, basal ganglia, red nucleus, cerebrum - output: premotor cortex, primary motor cortex and supplementary motor cortex for functions in motor control
62
describe the ventral posterior nuclei
further subdivided into: - ventral posterior medial - ventral posterior lateral
63
describe the ventral posterior medial nuclei
- input: ascending trigmenal and gustatory pathways | - output: primary sensory cortex and insula
64
describe the ventral posterior lateral nuclei
- input: sensory information (pain, touch, pressure, temperature and proprioception) - output: primary sensory cortex of parietal lobe
65
describe the lateral posterior principal nuclei
- input: parietal lobe | - output: cingulate gyrus for affects in emotional state and integration of sensory information
66
describe the posterior principal nuclei
further subdivided into: - pulvinar - lateral geniculate nucleus - medial geniculate nucleus
67
describe the pulvinar
- input: parietal lobes, occipital lobe, temporal lobes | - output: association cortices: occipital lobe, parietal lobes, temporal lobes
68
describe the lateral geniculate nucleus
- input: optic tract (visual information from retina) | - output: primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)
69
describe the medial geniculate nucleus
- input: brachium of the inferior colliculus (auditory information fron inner ear receptors) - output: primary auditory cortex (temporal lobes)
70
what is unique about the lateral posterior principal nuclei
its a feedback loop
71
what is the reticular nucleus?
- makes up outer covering of thalamus - only thalamic nucleus that does not project to cerebral cortex - modulates activity of other thalamic nuclei
72
what are the 3 types of neurons in the thalamus?
- relay - association - diffuse-projecting
73
describe relay nuclei
- receive somatosensory, motor, auditory and visual inputs | - project to functional areas of the cortex
74
which thalamic nuclei are relay?
- anterior nuclear group - medial nuclear group - lateral nuclear group
75
describe association nuclei
- receive input from association nuclei | - project to association cortices
76
which thalamic nuclei are association?
- dorsomedial nucleus - lateral posterior nucleus - pulvinar
77
describe diffuse-projection nuclei
- receive input from basal ganglia and limbic system | - project to a wide region of cortex, cross cortical boundaries
78
which thalamic nuclei are diffuse-projecting
- intralaminar nuclei | - midline thalamic nuclei

anat 312 (18 decks)

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