Lecture 15 Flashcards by Jack White

Proteins = large complex ___ composed of ___ ___.

molecules, amino acids

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Proteins = ___ components that ___ ___ ___.

structural, regulate bodily functions

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There are ___ ___ ___ amino acids. They can make up ___ of different types of ___.

20 naturally occurring, thousands, proteins

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___ in our food are broken down into component ___ ___ by ___ in the digestive tract.

Proteins, amino acids, enzymes

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Proteins are transported in the ___.

bloodstream

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___ proteins like ___ and ___ provide support.

Structural, collagen, keratin

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Enzymes are ___ that act like ___.

proteins, catalysts

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___, like insulin, help with ___.

Hormones, regulation

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___ proteins, like hemoglobin substances, help with ___.

Transport, regulation

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___ proteins are reserves of ___ ___. Some examples are ___ (found in egg whites) and ___ (found in milk).

Storage, amino acids, ovalbumin, casein

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___ proteins help with movement in the muscles. Some examples are ___ and ___.

Contractile, actin, myosin

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___ proteins, like ___, help protect.

Defensive, antibodies

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The role of ___ protein is to supply ___ ___ for the body to make proteins.

dietary, amino acids

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All ___ ___ ___ are necessary for protein ___.

20 amino acids, synthesis

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There are ___ amino acids that can’t be made by the body. Therefore, they must be supplied by ___. These are called the ___ amino acids.

9, diet, essential

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The human body can synthesize ___ amino acids.

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The ___ amino acids ___ be stored by the body.

essential, can

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It is critical to receive all the ___ ___ ___ in each meal.

essential amino acids

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A persistent lack of ___ ___ ___ will lead to ___ ___.

essential amino acids, protein deficiency

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3 examples of essential amino acids are ___, ___, and ___.

leucine, lysine, tryptophan

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3 examples of nonessential amino acids are ___, ___, and ___.

asparagine, glutamine, glycine

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___ ___ contain all the ___ amino acids in the right proportions.

Complete proteins, essential

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Almost all proteins derived from animals are ___ proteins.

complete

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Proteins derived from ___ are usually incomplete proteins (meaning that they’re deficient in one or more ___ ___ ___)

plants, essential amino acids

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Combining ___ ___ ___ can supply all the essential amino acids.

complementary plant proteins

The traditional diet of the Mexican indigenous people - ___ & ___ - contains ___ ___.

beans, corn, complementary proteins

Beans are low in ___ but adequate in ___ & ___.

methionine, tryptophan, lysine

Corn is poor in ___ & ___ but contains adequate amounts of ___.

tryptophan, lysine, methionine

___ of total calories consumed should be from proteins.

12%

For every ___ of body weight, someone should consume ___ grams of protein.

kilogram, 0.8

1 ounce of meat or cheese has about ___ grams of protein.

1 glass of milk has about ___ grams of protein.

Half a cup of beans has about ___ grams of protein.

1 slice of whole wheat bread has about ___ grams of protein.

About ___ billion people, or ___-___% of the world's population, suffer from undernutrition or malnutrition.

1, 15, 20

There are approximately ___ million deaths each year from undernutrition or malnutrition.

___ = insufficient number of kilocalories to maintain daily energy requirements.

Undernutrition

___ = quality deficiency in which 1 or more essential ___ are lacking, even though there are sufficient calories.

Malnutrition, nutrients

Fats are one category of the organic molecules known as ___.

lipids

___ = diverse group of ___ with a common characteristic: ___ in water.

Lipids, compounds, insolubility

___, like animal fat, vegetable oils, or subcutaneous fat, are ___ that help with ___ ___ and ___.

Triglycerides, lipids, energy storage, insulation

___ like ___ are ___ that help with structure. Ones like cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone help with ___.

Steroids, cholesterol, lipids, regulation

___, like phosphatidylcholine in ___ ___, have ___ functions.

Phospholipids, cell membranes, structural

___ (fats and oils) make up ___ of the ___ in foods.

Triglycerides, 95%, lipids

Triglycerides are formed from ___ and ___ ___ ___.

glycerol, 3 fatty acids

___ ___ are the simplest type of lipid. They are building blocks for ___ & ___.

Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids

The body can synthesize ___ fatty acids.

most

There are 3 ___ ___ that we can't synthesize (and they thus must be supplied through diet): ___ acid, ___ acid, & ___ acid.

fatty acids, linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic

Fatty acid = ___ ___ with ___ attached.

carbon chain, hydrogen

Different fatty acids vary in the number of ___ & ___ atoms they have.

carbon, hydrogen

___ fatty acids have all ___ bonds between their ___ atoms.

Saturated, single, carbon

___ fatty acids have 1 or more ___ bonds between their ___ atoms.

Unsaturated, double, carbon

Fats in foods contain a mix of both ___ & ___ fatty acids.

saturated, unsaturated

___ fats are ___ at room temperature and include animal fats like lard, butter, & beef fat.

Saturated, solid

Vegetable oils are generally composed of ___ fatty acids, and are ___ at room temperature.

unsaturated, liquid

Oils with ___ fatty acids = olive, peanut, canola.

monounsaturated

Oils with ___ fatty acids = corn, soybean, safflower.

polyunsaturated

___ fats in plants = coconut oil & butter, palm oil.

Saturated

Hydrogenation is used to turn ___ oils into ___ fats.

unsaturated, saturated

Hydrogenation can change ___ fats into ___ fats.

unsaturated, trans

Hydrogenation is used to convert a ___ ___ into a ___ ___, like margarine.

liquid oil, solid fat

Diets high in ___ ___ have been implicated in colon, breast, & prostate cancers.

saturated fats

___ fats and ___ fats increase ___ ___ levels, which are linked to cardiovascular disease.

Saturated, trans, blood cholesterol

Trans fat = ___ fat with ___ ___.

unsaturated, trans isomer

Unsaturated fats ___ the risk of cardiovascular disease by ___ blood ___ levels.

lower, lowering, cholesterol

Cholesterol is a type of lipid known as a steroid.

lipid, steroid

Cholesterol is a vital constituent of all cells; it is part of the ___ component of ___ ___.

lipid, cell membranes

Cholesterol is used in the synthesis of ___ and other ___, as well as ___.

sex, hormones, bile

Bile = fluid secreted by the ___, concentrated in the ___ & poured into the ___ ___ via the bile duct.

liver, gallbladder, small intestine

Cholesterol is synthesized in the ___ from ___ fatty acids, and it's also absorbed by ___ cells.

liver, saturated, intestinal

We can get ___ from eggs, butter, cheese, & meat.

cholesterol

If the diet is high in ___ ___ - even if it's low in cholesterol - the ___ responds with ___ cholesterol synthesis.

saturated fats, liver, increased

Cholesterol is ___ in the watery medium of ___.

insoluble, blood

___ transport cholesterol.

Lipoproteins

2 types of lipoproteins: LDL (___-___ lipoprotein) & HDL (___-___ lipoprotein)

low-density, high-density

LDL = bad ___. It causes ___ in ___ & leads to heart attacks & strokes.

cholesterol, deposits, arteries

HDL removes excess ___ / ___ ___. It carries it to the ___ for degradation & elimination.

cholesterol, body tissue, liver

___ fats lower blood cholesterol levels. ___ fats lower all cholesterol levels, including HDLs. ___ fats lower total and LDL levels, and ___ HDL levels.

Unsaturated, Polyunsaturated, Monounsaturated, raise

The ratio of total cholesterol to ___ should be less than ___ to ___.

HDL, 5, 1

___ comprise only 1-2% of dry weight.

Micronutrients

2 categories of ___: organic compounds / ___, & inorganic compounds / ___

micronutrients, vitamins, minerals

A, D, E, and K are ___-___ vitamins.

fat-soluble

___-___ vitamins (including 8 B-complex vitamins and C) are not stored in the body. Excess intake is ___, and eliminated through the ___.

Water-soluble, toxic, urine

You can get vitamin ___ from yellow, orange, and dark green veggies, as well as fruits and dairy products. It helps with ___ ___.

A, night vision

You can get vitamin ___ from eggs and enriched dairy products. It helps protect against ___.

D, rickets

You can get vitamin ___ from whole grains, seeds, and nuts. It helps protect against ___.

B1, beriberi

Inorganic compounds (___) exist in the body as ___.

minerals, ions

___ minerals help with normal ___ activities.

17, metabolic

The 2 types of minerals are ___ minerals (___/day) & ___ minerals (only a few mg/day).

major, 100mg+, trace

___ is a ___ that helps with bone & tooth formation, blood clotting, and muscle contraction.

Calcium, mineral

___ is a ___ that helps with ATP and nucleic acid formation.

Phosphorus, mineral

___ is a ___ that helps with protein formation.

Sulfur, mineral

Carbs should make up about ___ of one's daily calorie intake.

60%

Proteins should make up about ___-___ of one's daily calorie intake

8-10%

Fats should make up no more than ___ of one's daily calorie intake (10% ___ fats, 10% ___, 10% ___).

30%, saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

___ ___ = carbon chain with hydrogen attached.

Fatty acid

Steroids are a type of ___ made up of ___ ___ ___.

lipid, 4 carbon rings

Lecture 15 Flashcards

(97 cards)