Lecture 16

Question 1

The ___ are the most economically important plant family, including (to name a few) wheat, corn, and oats.

Answer 1

Poaceae

Question 2

___ have about 780 genera and 12,000 species. It’s the largest plant family.

Answer 2

Poaceae

Question 3

Poaceae are dominant in ___ and savannas, but are also found in arctic and ___ regions.

Answer 3

prairies, tropic

Question 4

Poaceae is also known as the ___ family.

Answer 4

grass

Question 5

___ of the world’s vegetation is in the grass family / ___.

Answer 5

25%, Poaceae

Question 6

Poaceae are ___.

Answer 6

herbaceous

Question 7

Poaceae have ___ ___ with ___ ___. Their stems are ___ and usually ___. They have ___ roots.

Answer 7

linear leaves, parallel venation, hollow, unbranched, fibrous

Question 8

Many Poaceae have ___ stems (___ or ___), important for vegetative ___.

Answer 8

horizontal, stolons, rhizomes, reproduction

Question 9

Cereals are ___ species; pasture and lawn grasses are ___.

Answer 9

annual, perennials

Question 10

Grass flowers are made up of ___ (spikes), ___ (floral leaves), and ___ (small flowers of a composite flower).

Answer 10

inflorescences, bracts, florets

Question 11

Examples of inflorescences = ___ of corn, ___ of wheat.

Answer 11

tassels, spikes

Question 12

Grass flowers’ individual flowers are small and inconspicuous. They are ___ (lacking ___ and ___). They have 3 ___ and 1 carpel.

Answer 12

incomplete, sepals, petals, stamens

Question 13

Individual flowers of grass flowers have 3 stamens, 1 carpel (1 ovule, 2 ___, 2 ___), enlarged & feathery ___, 2 ___ (outer ___ & inner ___), additional bracts (___), and an ___ (soft bristle) may be attached to one of the bracts.

Answer 13

stamens, styles, stigmas, stigmas, bracts, lemma, palea, glumes, awn

Question 14

___ = dry single-seeded ___ fruits.

Answer 14

Caryopsis, indehiscent

Question 15

The ___ that surround a grain’s flower are called ___. The outer wall / ___ is called ___. Inside the bran is an ___ ___ (enlarged cells that are high in ___ with ___ for ___).

Answer 15

bracts, chaff, pericarp, bran, aleurone layer, protein, enzymes, germination

Question 16

Grass flowers’ ___ = spikes, racemes, or panicles.

Answer 16

inflorescences

Question 17

___ = floral leaf.

Answer 17

Bract

Question 18

___ = small flower of a ___ flower.

Answer 18

Floret, composite

Question 19

Most of a grain seed is ___ (stored food mainly in the form of ___)

Answer 19

endosperm, starch

Question 20

___ (modified ___) transfers food to the grain embryo.

Answer 20

Scutellum, cotyledon

Question 21

Grain ___ with its sheaths = ___.

Answer 21

embryo, germ

Question 22

The large amount of ___ ___ in a grain makes it valuable as food

Answer 22

starchy endosperm

Question 23

During refining, the ___, ___, and ___ (usually with its ___ ___ attached) are removed, leaving only the ___.

Answer 23

chaff, germ, bran, aleurone layer, endosperm

Question 24

Commercially, some ___ products of grain include white flour, corn starch, white rice…

Answer 24

refined

Question 25

In whole grain products, only the ___ is removed.

Answer 25

chaff

Question 26

Whole grain is better nutritionally because ___ provides ___ and some ___ from the ___ ___; ___ is a source of ___, ___, and some oils.

Answer 26

bran, fiber, protein, aleurone layer, germ, vitamins, proteins

Question 27

Brown rice, whole wheat flour, and even popcorn are ___ ___ than their ___ counterparts.

Answer 27

more nutritious, refined

Question 28

Wheat's ___ appearance is typical of ___.

Answer 28

vegetative, grasses

Question 29

Wheat ___ are tightly packed with grains, which usually have long ___.

Answer 29

spikes, awns

Question 30

Top ___ producing countries = Ukraine, US, Canada, China, India, Argentina, France, and South Africa.

Answer 30

wheat

Question 31

Wheat = one of the ___ ___ plants; laid the foundation for western civilization.

Answer 31

oldest domesticated

Question 32

___ was domesticated in the Near East at least ___ years ago.

Answer 32

Wheat, 9,000

Question 33

The ___ species of ___ is still found in northern Iraq, Iran, and Turkey.

Answer 33

wild, wheat

Question 34

Modern cultivars of wheat = ___ wheat (Triticum ___) and ___ wheat (Triticum ___)

Answer 34

durum, durum, bread, aestivum

Question 35

___ wheat (___ ___) is grown in the northern US (esp. North Dakota), Canada, southern Europe, and parts of India.

Answer 35

Durum, Triticum durum

Question 36

Durum wheat is high in ___, good for semolina flour (used for making spaghetti, macaroni, noodles...).

Answer 36

gluten

Question 37

___ wheat / ___ ___ is the dominant form of wheat, making up about ___ of world production.

Answer 37

Bread, Triticum aestivum, 90%

Question 38

___ wheat's flour is used for bread, pastries, and breakfast cereals.

Answer 38

Bread

Question 39

Hard wheat is a ___ wheat cultivar. It has high ___, high ___, its flour is usually used to make ___, and it's generally grown in areas with ___ rainfall.

Answer 39

bread, protein, gluten, bread, limited

Question 40

Soft wheat is a ___ wheat cultivar. It has lower ___, makes a soft ___ that's better for ___, and it needs greater ___.

Answer 40

bread, protein, flour, pastries, moisture

Question 41

___ wheat is a ___ wheat cultivar that is planted in spring and harvested in the fall. It is grown where ___ ___ ___.

Answer 41

Spring, bread, winter is severe

Question 42

___ wheat is planted in the fall, overwinters (requires a cold period before flowering) and is harvested the following spring or summer. It's usually planted in areas with ___ ___.

Answer 42

Winter, mild winters

Question 43

Wheat is missing ___, as well as vitamins ___, ___, and ___.

Answer 43

iodine, A, B12, C

Question 44

Wheat is a nutrient-rich food, having over ___ protein.

Answer 44

12.9%

Question 45

Wheat contains incomplete ___: it is low in ___ and ___.

Answer 45

incomplete, lysine, tryptophan

Question 46

Many nutrients are concentrated in wheat's ___ and ___.

Answer 46

bran, germ

Question 47

___ = each of two membranous ___ surrounding the spikelet of a grass (forming the ___ of a ___ ___).

Answer 47

Glume, bracts, husk, cereal grain,