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Lecture 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the biocontainment level for Clostridium botulinum in lab?

A

3 & 2 in any other setting

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2
Q

Describe the appearance of Clostridium botulinum

A

Gram positive

Spore forming

Rods

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3
Q

Describe the metabolism of Clostridium

A

Anaerobic

Clostridium novyi is a strict anaerobe, can work with others fairly easy

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4
Q

What is the appearance of Clostridium perfringens?

A

Gram positive

Rods

Boxcar morphology

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5
Q

Describe the appearance of Clostridium perfringens on plate

A

2 zones of hemolysis

Can be enhanced by placing in fridge & then incubate

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6
Q

Describe the appearance of Clostridium tetani

A

Terminal spores

Drumstick morphology

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7
Q

Where is clostridium found?

A

Wide distribution

Envr - water & soil

Many spp of normal microbiota (found in feces)

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8
Q

What tests are used to dx clostridium? & What does a positive result look like for each?

A

Lecithinase - positive = precipitation around streak

Lipase tests - positive = clear zone around streak

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9
Q

How do animals acquire Clostridium tetani? What are 3 exs of this situation?

A

Organisms enter body through beaches in the skin

Ex: step on rusty nail

Ex: fecal contamination of umbilicus

Ex: tail docking

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10
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Clostridium tetani

A

Damage to skin barrier occurs

Organism enters

Organism multiples in necrotic tissue

Organism produces toxins

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11
Q

What toxins does Clostridium tetani produce? & What are the roles of the toxins?

A

Tetanolysin - enhances tissue invasion

Tetanospasmin - neurotoxin which causes muscle spasms

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12
Q

How do you tx Clostridium tetani? (2)

A

High dose of penicillin

Tetanus anti-toxin

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13
Q

What symptoms does Clostridium tetani cause in humans? (3)

A

Generalized tetanus

Muscle stiffness

Opisthotonos

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14
Q

What symptoms does Clostridium tetani cause in dogs?

A

Muscle spasm of the face - lockjaw

Characteristic risks sardonicus

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15
Q

Where is Clostridium botulinum found?

A

Soils & aquatic enviers

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16
Q

When does Clostridium botulinum produce toxins?

A

when spores germinate in anaerobic envrs

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17
Q

Describe how the spores of Clostridium botulinum do in the envr?

A

Extremely resistant

Survive boiling

Need to be careful when canning

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18
Q

How are animals exposed to Clostridium botulinum?

A

Ingestion

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19
Q

How does disease arise from Clostridium botulinum? & what is the main symptom?

A

Extremely potent botulism toxin which prevents release oc ACh at neuromuscular junction

Causes flaccid paralysis

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20
Q

Describe the exposure & pathogenesis of Clostridium botulinum in waterfowl

A

C. botulinum spores located on lake bottom

Birds eat inverts from lake bottom

Become intoxicated

Droopy necks = drown or rest failure

Carcasses eaten by maggots

Toxin laden maggots eaten by birds –> perpetuates disease

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21
Q

What are the 5 forms of botulism in humans?

A
  1. Food borne
  2. Wound botulism
  3. Infant botulism
  4. Adult intestinal toxaemia
  5. Latrogenic botulism (accidentally infect yourself)
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22
Q

What is the tx for Clostridium botulinum? (4)

A

A/bs - works for infection, not for toxin ingestion

Antitoxin

Supportive therapy

Vacc (in horses)

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23
Q

What disease does Clostridium chauvoei cause in cattle & sheep?

24
Q

Where is Clostridium chauvoei found? (2)

25
Describe the pathogenesis of Blackleg from Clostridium chauvoei
Ingest endospores which usually pass without prob Occasionally, they become lodged in tissues (hindquarters & cardiac muscle) Disease occurs when spores are stimulated to germinate
26
What are the clinical signs of blackleg from Clostridium chauvoei? (3)
Acute febrile disease - lameness & sudden death May feel crepitation (bloated) Muscle is dark red-black & spongy with rancid odour
27
What is the tx of blackleg? (3)
Not practical Penicillin Sx debridement Can vaccinate
28
What disease does Clostridium septicum cause & in who?
Malignant edema in large animals of all ages
29
How do large animals get Clostridium septicum?
Infection usually occurs following deep puncture & trauma Ex: vacc, sx or through umbilicus Results in fatal toxaemia due to production of neurotoxins Neurotoxins cause edema & gangrene
30
How is Clostridium septicium tx? (2)
High dose of penicillin systemically & inj around primary lesions Antitoxin
31
How do you prevent Clostridium septicum infection from occurring?
Hygiene when performing invasive procedures Vacc
32
Does Clostridium septicum pose a zoonotic risk?
No, they are infrequently isolated from infections which are often fatal Assoc with malignancy
33
What disease does Clostridium novyi type B cause in sheep, cattle, horses & rarely pigs?
Black disease - Acute, necrotic hepatitis (animals are usually found dead)
34
How do animals get Clostridium novyi?
Via envr Fecal contamination by carrier of pasture thought to be important
35
What pops of sheep get blackleg from Clostridium novyi?
Well nourished adult sheep
36
Describe the pathogenesis of black disease in sheep
Ingest spores from feed Spores reach liver hematogenously Germinate with necrotic insult Release alpha toxin
37
What is black disease from Clostridium novyi in sheep normally assoc with? (3)
Liver flukes Cysticercus tenuicollis Liver trauma
38
What is the tx for black disease form Clostridium novyi in sheep?
No effective tx Vacc available Prevent liver fluke infestation
39
Where is Clostridium perfringens normally found?
Intestinal microbiota
40
What toxins does Clostridium perfringens use to cause disease? (5)
Enterotoxin - released reign sporulation, responsible for food poisoning in people Alpha toxin - lecithinase (type of phospholipase), attacks cell PMs resulting in necrosis Beta toxin - pore forming toxin which is lethal & necrotizing. Binds to endothelial cells & causes necrosis E-toxin - pro-toxin activated by proteolytic enzymes. Pore forming & damages endothelium I-toxin - pro-toxin, activated by proteolytic enzymes, cytotoxic
41
What disease does Clostridium perfringens cause in sheep? (2)
Lamb dysentery Pulpy kidney disease
42
How do lambs get lamb dysentry from Clostridium perfringens?
Predisposed by abrupt change in diet Allows overgrowth of C. perfringens leading to production of the toxin at high levels May have sudden death
43
What disease does Clostridium perfringens cause in pigs?
Hemorrhagic enteritis in piglets
44
What disease does Clostridium perfringens cause in chickens?
Necrotic enteritis
45
How do lambs acquire pulpy kidney disease?
Assoc with gorging on grain or lush pasture
46
Describe the pathogenesis of pulpy kidney disease in lambs
Gorge on lush pasture or grain High starch content stimulates overgrowth of C. perfringens Excess E-toxin production leads to toxaemia Acute - often found dead
47
How do you tx pulpy kidney disease?
Control diet
48
What happens when people get Clostridium perfringens?
Cause necrotizing intestinal disease Assoc with fooods containing trypsin inhibitors
49
What disease does Clostridium difficile cause in pigs?
Early onset of scours in young pigs leading to sudden death
50
What enterotoxins does Clostridium difficile produce? & what do they do?
A & B Colonic dysregulation & cell death
51
How do you tx Clostridium difficile in people?
Vanomycin & metronidazole Fecal transplants
52
How do you dx C. tetani in the lab?
gram stain displaying drumstick organisms
53
How do you dx C. botulinum in the lab?
Toxicity studies where you inj mice with serum or filtrate of rumen contents
54
How do you dx C. chauvoei, C. septicum & C. novyi in the lab? (3)
Culture - collect large chunks of tissue (maintain anaerobic envr) Fixed tissues for histo Fourescent antibody test
55
How do you dx C. perfringens in the lab?
Culture feces when there is diarrhea & renal tissue when there is pulpy kidney disease Gram stian - box car cells Identify toxin via PCR Histo
56
How do you dx C. difficile in the lab?
Culture feces Identify toxin via PCR
57
Does C. perfringens pose a zoonotic risk?
Yes, causes food borne illness Assoc with contained meats

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