Lecture 16 - Lung and heart Flashcards
1
Q
Bronchitis
Pathology
A
- inflammation of the lining of bronchial tubes
- 90% are viral, sometimes bacterial
2
Q
Bronchitis
Symptoms
A
- nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat,mild cough
- increased coughing for more than 10 days, fever, fatigue, shortness of breath, tightness/pain in chest (burning)
3
Q
Bronchitis
Diagnosis
A
- auscultation (rhonchi, wheezing)
- slight fever or may be afebrile
4
Q
Bronchitis
Treatment
A
- suspension of training
- adequate hydration
- cough supressant
- asthma inhalers
- NSAIDS, nasal decongestants
if cough > 3 weeks alternative diagnosis should be considered
5
Q
Bronchitis
RTS
A
- acute usually lasts 3-10 days, dry cough may last longer
- once symptoms resolve, return to low levels of activity gradually
6
Q
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Pathology
A
- highly contagious accute respiratory illness
- severe spasmodic caughing episodes
- bacterial
- transmission by droplets
- incubation 5-10 days
- stage 1 - 1-2 weeks
- stage 2 - 1-10 weeks
- stage 3 - 2-3 week
7
Q
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Complications
A
pneumonia
8
Q
Pertussis (whooping cough)
treatment
A
- antibitotics
- rest
- fluids
9
Q
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Prevention
A
vaccine
10
Q
Pneumonia
Pathology
A
- viral, bacterial or fungal invection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs (they fill with fluid or puss)
11
Q
Pneumonia
Symptoms
A
- persistent cough
- fever, chills, night sweats
- shortness of breath, chets pain, cyanosis
- headaches, muscle ache
- fatigue
- confusion
12
Q
Pneumonia
Diagnosis
A
- physical examination
- x-ray
- lab test (PCR sputum culture)
13
Q
Pneumonia
Treatment
A
- antibiotics/antivirals/antifungals
- rest
- fluids
- pain managemnet
- cough supressant
- oxygen therapy
14
Q
Pneumothorax
Pathology
A
- air leaks into the space between the lung and the chest wall causing lung to collapse
15
Q
Pneumothorax
Causes
A
- spontaneous (tall, male athletes)
- trauma
- damage from underlying disease
16
Q
Pneumothorax
symptoms
A
sudden chest pain and shorntess of breath
17
Q
Pneumothorax
diagnosis
A
- physical examination
- chest-x-ray
- CT scan
18
Q
Pneumothorax
treatment
A
- small (less than 15%) –> conservative treatment with weekly x-rays
- large (>15% of lung space) –> chest tube in lung for reexpansion for several days
19
Q
What is asthma?
A
reversible airway diseas charcterized by airway narrowing and inflammation
20
Q
Asthma
pathology
A
- inflammation, increases mucous production, airway narrowing
- expiratory resistance and air trapping
21
Q
Asthma
Diagnosis
A
- medical history
- physical axamination
- allergy tests
- pulmonary function tests
22
Q
What are the 4 pulmonary function tests?
A
- spirometry
- diffusing capacity
- bronchodilator reversibility
- exercise testing
23
Q
Asthma
Treatment
A
long term (day to day)
- inhaled corticosteroids
- leukotrien modifiers
- long-acting beta agonist
- comibination inhalers
short term (asthma attacks)
- short acting beta agonists
- ipratropium
- oral and IV corticosteroids
24
Q
What is exeercise induced asthma (EIA)?
A
patients who have underlying asthma where exercise exacerbates it
25
What is exercise induced bronchospasm (EIB)?
bronchospasma associated with exercises, no history of asthma)
26
What is the difference in diagnosis between EIA and EIB?
EIA:
- pulmonary tests
- history of asthma
- bronchodilator response
EIB:
- exercises challenge tests
- spirometry
- cold air test
27
What is the P wave?
atrial contraction
28
What is the QRS wave?
ventricular contraction
29
What is the T wave?
recovery of ventricles
30
What is tachycardia?
>100bpm
31
What is bradycardia?
<60bpm
32
What is premature atrial contraction (PAC)?
early beat, P wave changes, QRS is normal
33
# PAC
symptom
palpitations
34
# PAC
Causes
- stress
- caffeine
- alcohol
- fatigue
- underlying heart conditions
35
How do we diagnosis PAC?
EKG
36
PAC tratement:
- lifestyle modifications
- medication (if needed)
37
What is athletes heart?
Normal structure and function changes that occur with routine athletic training
VOlume and pressure laods in the LV increase --> increase LV muscle mass, wall thickness, chamber size
38
What does athletes heart cause?
- maximal SV and CO output
- lower resting HR and longer diastolic filling time
- systolic and dyastolic function remain normal
39
What might physical examination of someone with athletes heart reveal?
- bradycardia
- systolic murmur
- extra heart sounds
40
Are males or females more likely to die from sudden cardia death?
males (male to female 2:1)
41
Is risk SCD higher in athletes?
yes, 3x more
42
What are some causes of SCD?
- hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, commotio cordic, myocarditis
43
What does screening entail for SCD?
- multidisiplinary team to flag at-risk athletes
- abnormal findingds on history and physical exams require furtehr investigation (syncope sysmptoms, exercise related chest pain, HR irregularity, family history of CVD)
44
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
- genetic condition (inherited and can't be preventedz)
- LV hypertophy which casn lead to ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation and SDC
45
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy treatment
- indentify early
- beta blockers
- blood thinners
- surgery
- implantable cardioverter-defribrillator
46
What is commotio cordis?
blunt chest trauma over heart that causes SDC
- hit in chest just before T wave
- electrical incident with ventricular febrillation
tretament: chest protectors
47
# Myocarditis
pathology
- inflammation of heart muscle
- viral (65%) or other causes such as covid
48
# Myocarditis
Symptoms
- chets pain, fatigue, shortness of breath
- cna affect hearts electrical system reduciong hearts ability to pump causing arrhythmias
- increased risk of blood clot
49
# Myocarditis
Diagnosis
- EKG
- chest echo
- blood tests
- cardiac MRI
50
# Myocarditis
Treatment
- prolonged period of rest
- medication for arrythmias
51
What is marfan syndrome?
genetic disorder that effects connective tissues
52
Signs of marfan syndrome:
- tall, slender build
- long leges, arms and fingers
- long narrow face
- high arches, crowded teeth
- sternum caves in or out
- flexible joints
- curved spine
- high pressure in eyes
- cystice change sin lungs
- abnormal heart sounds
53
What is the stimated prevalence of marfan?
1:5000
54
What doe marfan increase the risk of?
cardiac problems:
- cardiomyopathy
- heart murmur
- mitral valve prolapse
- aortic root dilation
pulmonary conditions
- recurent sponatneous pneumothorx
- asthma
- pneumonia
- bronchitis
- cystic lung changes
55
How can we detect an infection?
CRP test ( <3mg/L is normal, more means infection)
