Lecture 17

Question 1

T/F

1/3 North American drugs is directly or indirectly related to plants

Answer 1

False

1/4

Question 2

T/F

No countries rely heavily on plants for medicine

Answer 2

False

up to 75% of medicines are plant-based

Question 3

How many medicinal plants are used worldwide?

Answer 3

Approximately 60,000

Question 4

What "religion" did foraging societies belong to?
A) Christianity
B) Buddhism
C) Islam
D) Animism

Answer 4

D

Question 5

T/F

Neanderthal peoples had a diet based on meat

Answer 5

False

Mostly plant-based including medicinal plants (chamomile and yarrow)

Question 6

T/F

Chimpanzees have been observed eating Veronia amygdalia for medicinal purposes

Answer 6

True

It’s an anti-parasitic

Question 7

What is the primary function of the shaman?

Answer 7

To act as an intermediate between the physical world and the spirit world

Question 8

Which of the following would not have caused disease as known by shamans?
A) dreaming
B) breach of taboo
C) germs
D) spirit/object intrusion
E) soul/spirit loss
F) Black magic

Answer 8

C

Question 9

T/F

Shamans believed that disease has a physical cause

Answer 9

False

Spiritual cause

Question 10

Which institution used medicinal plants first?
A) modern science
B) animistic societies

Answer 10

B

Question 11

How did animists use medicinal plants to cure disease?

Answer 11

Rituals performed by the shaman inspired the spirit of the plant to help the ill person

Question 12

How did animists learn so much about medicinal plants?

Answer 12

25000 years of trial & error passed down through oral tradition

Question 13

T/F

Chinese traditional medicine focusses more on the body as a whole than individual organs

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Chinese traditional medicine defines disease as:

Answer 14

An imbalance of yin & yang (2 complementary aspects of everything)

Question 15

Where was Ayurvedic medicine originated?

Answer 15

India (Hinduism & Buddhism)

Question 16

Ayurvedic medicine is based on the balance of:
A) spirit
B) body
C) sex
D) mind

Answer 16

A, B, D

Question 17

Why is Ayurvedic medicine controversial?
A) racism
B) unregulated manufacturing
C) toxicity of medications 
D) All of the above 
E) B&C

Answer 17

E

Question 18

Western medicine started with this philosopher:

Answer 18

Hippocrates

Question 19

The cause of disease as per early western medicine was:
A) germs
B) spiritual imbalance
C) diet or environmental issues
D) evil possession

Answer 19

C

Question 20

What was Willow bark used for?

Answer 20

Anti-inflammatory

Question 21

What plant in early Western medicine was considered as ‘birth control’?

Answer 21

Giant fennel

Question 22

How many medicinal plants has science discovered? 
A) 10
B) 100 
C) 1000
D) 10000
E) None of the above

Answer 22

E - actually 0

Question 23

T/F

All of our medicinal plant knowledge came from animistic sources

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Who was Paracelsus?

Answer 24

Physician, alchemist, surgeon, started the use of opium & mercury in medicine, the father of toxicology

Question 25

What does the doctrine of signatures say?

Answer 25

The outward qualities of things hints to their inward ability (if it looks like a dick it'll help a dick) - a god or spirit made it this way to make it useable by man

Question 26

What function did the doctrine of signatures serve for medicinal knowledge?

Answer 26

A method of transferring knowledge from animistic beliefs to cause/effect uses

Question 27

T/F | It is believed in non-industrialized countries that pharmaceuticals are more effective than natural remedies

Answer 27

False

Question 28

The 4 rules of collecting medicinal plants are:

Answer 28

1. Identify correctly 2. Collect @ highest potency (flower/fruit) 3. Don't collect from contaminated areas 4. Be environmentally friendly

Question 29

``` Which plant organs can be collected? A) folia (leaf) B) cortex (bark) C) herba (stems/leaves/flowers) D) flos (flowers/inflorescences E) rhizoma F) fructus/samen (fruits/seeds) ```

Answer 29

All of the above

Question 30

``` Where should you dry plants? A) dark/dry area B) flat surface C) underwater D) A&B E) All of the above ```

Answer 30

D

Question 31

``` How long do dried plants last in storage? A) Days B) Months C) Years D) Millennia ```

Answer 31

C

Question 32

How to make an infusion?

Answer 32

Boil water, add plant, steep, strain

Question 33

How to make a syrup?

Answer 33

concentrated infusion with honey OR fresh plant material with honey

Question 34

T/F | Syrup is anti-microbial

Answer 34

True | microorganisms can't grow with a sugar content above 65%

Question 35

How to make a tincture?

Answer 35

put plant in ethanol (or vodka), keep in dark place for 2 weeks, strain

Question 36

Routes of tincture administration:

Answer 36

Internal & external

Question 37

How to make an oil?

Answer 37

Plant & oil, macerate for a month in the dark, strain

Question 38

How to make an ointment?

Answer 38

Base (veg oil/paraffin/beeswax) & plant (either fragments or from an existing tincture or oil)

Question 39

Routes of ointment administration:

Answer 39

Skin & mucosa