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Anatomy (MPAS) > Lecture 17: Abdomen I > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Abdomen I Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the boundaries of the abdomen?

A

Superior: The diaphragm (fifth intercostal space)

Posterior: Lumbar vertebrae and quadratus lumborum muscles

Anterolateral: The muscles of abdominal wall

Inferior: The pelvic brim

See figure

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2
Q

What are the planes that divide the abdomen into quadrants?

A

Median plane (midline)

Transumbilical plane

See figure

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3
Q

What are the abdominal quadrants?

A

Right upper quadrant

Left upper quadrant

Right lower quadrant

Left lower quadrant

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4
Q

What are the planes that divide the abdomen into 9 parts?

A

Midclavicular planes

Subcostal planes

Transtubercular plane

See figure

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5
Q

What are the 9 abdominal regions?

A

Right hypochondriac region

Epigastric region

Left hypochondriac region

Right lumbar region

Umbilical region

Left lumbar region

Right iliac (inguinal) region

Hypogastric (pubic) region

Left iliac (inguinal) region

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6
Q

What are the layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall (superficial to deep)

A

skin

superficial fascia (fatty layer)

deep fascia (scrape fascia)

muscles

transversalis fascia,

extraperitoneal fat/fascia

peritoneum

See figure

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7
Q

Clinical significance of the scarpa fascia

A

Used to hold sutures when abdominal surgery is done, another layer of sutures in the skin

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8
Q

What happens if you move deep to the peritoneum?

A

In the abdominal cavity

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9
Q

What are the functions of the abdominal muscles?

A
  1. Protection of abdominal viscera
  2. Movement of the trunk
  3. Allow expansion of abdominal cavity
  4. Compressing the abdominal viscera
  5. Expelling abdominal contents (micturition, defecation, parturition, vomiting) – increase intra-abdominal pressure
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10
Q

What are the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

External oblique

Internal oblique

Transversus abdominis

Rectus abdominus

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11
Q

What is the outermost layer of abdominal muscles?

A

External oblique

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12
Q

How do the fibres of the external obliques run?

A

Down and toward the midline

“Hands in your pockets”

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13
Q

Actions of external oblique muscles

A

Flexion and rotation of trunk

Compression of viscera

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14
Q

Where are the internal obliques?

A

Middle layer of abdominal muscles

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15
Q

How do the fibres of the internal obliques run?

A

down and away from midline (perpendicular to external obliques)

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16
Q

Actions of internal obliques?

A

Flexion and rotation of trunk

Compression of viscera

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17
Q

Location of the transverses abdominus

A

Deepest and thinnest layer of abdominal muscle

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18
Q

How do the fibres of the transverses abdomens run?

A

Horizontally

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19
Q

Actions of transverses abdominus

A

Compression of viscera only!

No trunk movement (“suck it in”)

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20
Q

Appearance and location of rectus abdominus?

A

Pair of long, straplike muscles

extend vertically from the pelvis to the ribs

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21
Q

What separates the rectus abdominus muscles?

A

Linea alba (midline)

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22
Q

What are the rectus abdominus muscles enclosed within?

A

rectus sheath (aponeuroses of obliques)

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23
Q

How are divisions of rectus abdominus separated? How many divisions are there?

A

tendinous intersections

8 pack

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24
Q

Actions of rectus abdominus

A

Flexion of the trunk

Compression of viscera

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25
Shape and origin of quadrates lumborum
Square-shapedmuscle originating on the pelvis
26
Action of quadrates lumborum
Powers lateral flexion of the lumbar spine Stabilizes the 12th rib against the action of the diaphragm during inspiration
27
What does psoas major combine with?
Combineswithiliacus to form iliopsoas
28
Action of psoas major
Powers hip flexion and can also flex the trunk laterally
29
Innervation of psoas major
Femoral nerve
30
Abdominal muscles - cross section
See figure
31
Innervation of anterolateral abdominal wall
Mixed sensory and motor nerves Anterior rami of spinal nerves T7 to L1 Includes intercostal nerves (T7-T11), subcostal nerve (T12), iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves (L1) See figure
32
What are the primary blood vessels of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
Superior epigastric vessels and branches of the musculophrenic vessels from the internal thoracic vessels. Inferior epigastric and deep circumflex iliac vessels from the external iliac vessels. See figure
33
What is the inguinal canal?
4 cm long tube-like space within the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall Begins at the deep inguinal ring and ends at the superficial inguinal ring
34
What gender has the inguinal canal?
Present in males and females
35
Importance of inguinal canal in males
where the testis, which develop in the abdominal cavity, descend down into the scrotum
36
What are the boundaries of the inguinal canal?
Floor: inguinal ligament Anterior wall: external oblique aponeurosis Roof: formed by arched fibres of internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles Posterior wall: transversalis fascia (laterally) and conjoint tendon (medially)
37
Rings (openings) of the inguinal canal
Superficial inguinal ring: triangular opening in the external oblique aponeurosis Deep inguinal ring: opening in the transversalis fascia.
38
Contents of the inguinal canal in males and females
Males: the spermatic cord and its coverings + the ilioinguinal nerve. Spermatic cord contains: vas deferens, testicular artery and vein, genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve, lymphatic vessels Females : the round ligament of the uterus + the ilioinguinal nerve. See figure
39
What is the peritoneum?
Transparent membrane that covers most (BUT NOT ALL!) abdominal organs See figure (white lines are peritoneum)
40
2 layers of peritoneum
Parietal – lines the abdominal wall Visceral – covers the viscera
41
Role of peritoneum
Secretes peritoneal fluid that lubricates the organs and prevents friction
42
2 main divisions of peritoneal cavity
Greater sac (green): largest part of the cavity Lesser sac (blue): smaller part, situated posterior to the stomach and liver See figure
43
When are the divisions of the peritoneal cavity formed?
During embryonic development
44
Greater sac
See figure
45
What is the greater omentum?
Double layer of peritoneum, impregnated with fat and blood vessels
46
What does the greater momentum attach to?
stomach and transverse colon, inferior border is free Hangs down like an apron, covering the abdominal viscera
47
Role of greater omentum
Prevents organs from sticking to the anterior abdominal wall
48
Mobility of greater omentum
Very mobile! Can sense, migrate and wrap itself around an inflamed or infected organ! Will also wrap itself any foreign object (clinical significance)
49
What are the parts of the greater omentum?
Gastrophrenic ligament Gastroplenic ligmament Gastrocolic ligament See figure
50
Lesser sac
aka mental bursa See figure
51
What is the lesser sac?
A pouch found posterior to the stomach
52
How does the lesser sac communicate with the greater sac?
Via the epiploic foramen (behind the stomach) See figure
53
Clinical significance of lesser sac
The inferior recess of the lesser sac extends a considerable distance Infectious material from abscesses can collect here!
54
Composition of lesser sac
Double layer of peritoneum Made up of hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligaments
55
What does the hepatoduodenal ligament contain?
important blood and bile vessels going to and from the liver See figure (parts of greater omentum)
56
Composition of the peritoneal ligaments
Double layer of peritoneum
57
Role of the falciform ligament
Peritoneal ligament Attaches the liver to anterior wall of abdomen See figure
58
What is the mesentery?
Double layer of peritoneum that attaches organs to the posterior abdominal wall (mainly small intestine) Now considered an organ itself!
59
What does the mesentery contain?
Blood/lymph vessels Fat Nerves
60
Role of mesentery
Makes the organs mobile Suspends the small intestine Carries nerves, lymph and blood vessels to small intestine (see peritoneum figure)
61
Difference between intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal organs
Intraperitoneal organs are covered by visceral peritoneum Retroperitoneal organs lie between the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall
62
What are the intraperitoneal organs?
Stomach Spleen Liver and gallbladder Small intestine (jejunum, ileum, and small part of duodenum) Large intestine (transverse colon, sigmoid colon)
63
What are the retroperitoneal organs?
Kidneys and suprarenal glands Pancreas Most of duodenum Large intestine (ascending and descending colon) See figure (+peritoneum figure)

Anatomy (MPAS) (22 decks)

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