Lecture 7: Oral and nasal cavities and pharynx

Question 1

Bone and cartilage of the nose

Answer 1

Vomer, ethmoid and nasal bones are involved

See figure

Question 2

What are the three nasal passageways? What are their function?

Answer 2

Superior, middle and inferior nasal concha

Increase the surface area of the mucous, and regulate temperature of air

See figure

Question 3

What processes olfactory input?

Answer 3

Telencephalon

Question 4

What can happen if there is swelling of nasal mucosa?

Answer 4

Nasal passages can be blocked

Question 5

Rhinoscopy view of backside of nasal cavity

Answer 5

See figure

Question 6

Where does the arterial blood supply for the nasal cavity derive from?

Answer 6

External carotid artery - maxillary artery

Internal carotid artery - ophthalmic artery

See figure

Question 7

Where does venous blood from the nose drain?

Answer 7

Into cranial cavity, nasopharynx and lips

See figure

Question 8

What are anastomosis?

Answer 8

Interactions between branches of internal carotid artery and external carotid artery

Can be important clinically, because an exterior injury may be transmitted to inside brain

See figure

Question 9

What are the ligation sites in the external carotid artery important for?

Answer 9

Maxillary artery

External carotid artery

Controlling hemorrhage

Question 10

What is the significance of the kisselbach’s area?

Answer 10

Nose bleeds

Question 11

Sensory innervation of the nasal cavity

Answer 11

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Ophtalmic division

Maxillary division

See figure

Question 12

Gland innervation of nasal cavity

Answer 12

Pterygopalatine ganglion (parasympathetic)

Superior cervical ganglion (sympathetic)

See figure

Question 13

Olfactory sensation innervation

Answer 13

Olfactory bulb

Question 14

Importance of ciribriform plate of ehtmoid

Answer 14

Supports olfactory bulb, which sends axons through the plate to detect odours

Question 15

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 15

Frontal sinus

Ethmoid sinus

Sphenoid sinus

Maxillary sinus

See figures

Question 16

Drainage of sinuses

Answer 16

Drainage beneath the middle nasal concha: frontal (1), anterior ethmoidal (3) and maxillary sinus (4) drain through the hiatus semilunaris into the middle nasal passage

Nasolacrimal duct opens into the lower nasal passage via lacrimal fold (2)

Posterior ethmoidal (5) and sphenoid sinus (6) drain posterior to the superior nasal concha

See figure

Question 17

Healthy sinuses vs mucous filled

Answer 17

See figure

Question 18

How do sinuses change with age?

Answer 18

Increase with age

Question 19

Clinical significance of sinuses

Answer 19

When someone has a blockage that does not allow drainage of maxillary sinus

Endoscopy to remove fluid

Question 20

Dentition and formation of maxillary sinuses

Answer 20

In a child, the adult teeth are waiting above primary teeth

As child ages, baby teeth are replaced

Question 21

Oral cavity

Answer 21

See figure

Question 22

Primary teeth

Answer 22

20

See figure

Question 23

Permanent teeth

Answer 23

32

See figure

Question 24

What provides sensory innervation to teeth? Blood supply?

Answer 24

Trigeminal nerve (CNV)

Maxillary branch (CNV2): upper row of teeth

Mandibular branch (CNV3): lower row of teeth

The superior and inferior alveolar arteries branch off the maxillary artery and supply blood to the teeth in the upper and lower jaw, respectively.

See figure

Question 25

Anatomy of tooth

Answer 25

Corona dentis Cervix dentis Radix dentist Enamel Dentium Periodental ligaments See figure

Question 26

Function of periodontal ligaments

Answer 26

Keep tooth in suspension

Question 27

Soft and hard palate

Answer 27

See figure

Question 28

Innervation of hard and soft palate

Answer 28

See figure

Question 29

Role of soft palate

Answer 29

Stops fluids from going into nasal cavity

Question 30

How are taste qualities distributed on tongue?

Answer 30

Bitter Sour Salty Sweet See figure

Question 31

Surface papillae structure

Answer 31

Circumvallate: back of tongue. Large, flat-topped, surrounded by deep trenches. Walls of trenches have taste buds Filliform: middle of tongue. Long, numerous, threadlike, scaly, sensitive to touch Foliate: small, lateral folds Fungiform: mushroom shaped See figure

Question 32

Which papillary structures do not have taste buds?

Answer 32

All have taste buds except filiform papillae

Question 33

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue and their functions?

Answer 33

Superior longitudinal: downward vaulting Transverse muscle of tongue: stretching Vertical muscle of tongue: flattening and furrowing See figure

Question 34

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue and their functions?

Answer 34

Genioglossus (CNXII): anterior movement, sticking out tongue Styloglossus (CNXII): Retraction of tongue Hypoglossus (CNXII): Rotation of tongue and flattening of posterior tongue region Palatoglossus (CNIX+X): Closure of isthmus faucium, lowering of palatine velum See figure

Question 35

Innervation of intrinsic muscles of tongue

Answer 35

CNXII

Question 36

Innervation of tongue

Answer 36

Vagus nerve (CNX) - superior laryngeal nerve: sensory and taste Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX) - Tonsillar branches: sensory Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX) - lingual branches: sensory and taste Trigeminal nerve (CNV) - lingual nerve: sensory Facial nerve (CNVIII) - chord tympani: taste and PSNS See figure

Question 37

Blood supply of tongue

Answer 37

Lingual artery: branches into deep lingual artery, sublingual artery and submittal artery Lingual vein See figure

Question 38

Parasympathetic ganglia of the head regulating the activity of the large salivary glands

Answer 38

Otic ganglion: Parotid gland Sublingual ganglion: Sublingual gland Submandibular gland: Submandibular Gland See figure

Question 39

Lymphatic drainage of tongue

Answer 39

Submental lymphnodes Submandibular lymphnodes See figure

Question 40

Clinical significance of lymphatic drainage of tongue

Answer 40

Potential sites of lymphatic metastasis

Question 41

tonsils of Waldeyer lymphatic ring

Answer 41

Part of mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) pharyngeal (adenoid) palatine lingual see figure

Question 42

What are the three floors of the pharynx?

Answer 42

Naso- Oro- Layngo- See figure

Question 43

Muscles of pharynx

Answer 43

Superior pharyngeal constrictor Middle pharyngeal constrictor Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Question 44

Major nerves at back side of pharyngeal muscular tube

Answer 44

Accessory nerve, external branch Hypoglossal nerve Sympathetic trunk Vagus nerve See figure

Question 45

Major blood vessels at back of pharyngeal muscular tube

Answer 45

Internal jugular vein Carotid artery