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Anatomy (MPAS) > Lecture 10: MSK 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 10: MSK 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of bones?

A
  1. Support
  2. Movement
  3. Protection
  4. Storage:

Red blood cell production

Minerals (calcium)

Energy (fat)

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2
Q

Classifications of bones

A
  1. Long bones (femur/humerus)
  2. Short bones
    (carpels/metacarpels)
  3. Irregular bones (vertebrae)
  4. Flat bones (skull)
  5. Sesamoid bones (knee cap)
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3
Q

Bone composition

A

Specialized connective tissue

Vascular

Consists of organic extracellular matrix and inorganic materials that make bones hard and rigid (calcium and phosphate)

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4
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Cortical (compact)

Cancellous (trabecular)

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5
Q

Cortical (compact) bone characteristics

A

Forms outer shell of bone (cortex)

Very dense structure

Always surrounds Cancellous bone, but thickness varies
depending on type of bone, age, diet, and functional requirements

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6
Q

Cancellous (trabecular) bone characteristics

A

Inside of bone

Thin plates arranged in a loose
mesh structure

Arranged in a concentric layers
with marrow between

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7
Q

Types of joints

A

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

See figure

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8
Q

How are bones held together in fibrous joints? Movement?

A

Bones are held closely together with fibrous
connective tissue

little or no movement

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9
Q

How are bones connected in cartilaginous joints?

A

Cartilaginous disc

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10
Q

Synovial joints characteristics

A

Joints have a space (cavity)

Freely moveable (diarthrodial)

Ends of the long bones lined with hyaline cartilage

Joint has an articular (synovial) capsule

Thickenings in the capsule are called ligaments

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11
Q

How are the surfaces of synovial joints shaped?

A

Reciprocally

Convex and concave

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12
Q

What is on the articular surfaces of synovial joints?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

Other features of synovial joints

A

Joint capsule

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14
Q

What are the ligaments of synovial joints?

A

thickenings of joint capsule which connect bone to bone and provide joint stability

(note not all ligaments are extensions of the capsule)

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15
Q

Role of synovial membrane in synovial joints

A

secretes synovial fluid which lubricates the joint surfaces and delivers nutrition to articular cartilage

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16
Q

What are the accessory supportive structures of synovial joints?

A

Intracapsular / extrasynovial ligaments

Extracapsular ligaments [Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)]

Meniscus (fibrocartilage disc of the knee)

Bursa(e) (synovial sacs to prevent friction between muscle / bone, muscle / muscle, and bone / tendon)

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17
Q

How is the movement of synovial joints described?

A

In terms of the number of possible planes of movement and the shape of the articular surfaces

1) Un-axial (pivot, hinge, plane)
2) Bi-axial (condyloid, saddle)
3) multi-axial (ball and socket)

See figure

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18
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

A
  1. Support (upright posture)
  2. Movement (Flex/extension, Side flex left & right, Rotation left & right)
  3. Protection (Spinal cord)
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19
Q

How many vertebrae is the vertebral column composed of? What types?

A

33 total

7 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

4 coccyx

See figure

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20
Q

What are primary and secondary curvatures?

A

Primary curvatures refer to the curvatures in the spine that are present at birth (Sacral, thoracic)

Secondary curvatures refer to the curvatures that develop as the individual grows (lumbar, cervical)

See figure

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21
Q

Abnormal curvatures of spine

A

Kyphotic spine (Thoracic vertebrae are overly curved)

Scoliotic spine (lateral C-shape)

Lordosis (exaggerated lumbar curve)

See figure

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22
Q

What are the general structures of the vertebrae?

A

Body

Vertebral arch

Spinous processes

transverse processes

Articular proceses

Vertebral foramen

See figure

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23
Q

Where is the body of vertebrae? What does it look like?

A

Anterior component of the vertebrae

Dense bone square in shape

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24
Q

Function of body of vertebrae

A

bears body weight

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25
What is the vertebral arch of a vertebrae?
Lamina and pedicle Posterior portion of vertebrae, form closed circle or arch which surrounds spinal cord
26
Where do pedicles extend from?
Posterior from both sides of body
27
What are spinous processes?
Bony processes which extend posteriorly from the junction of the two lamina
28
What are transverse processes? Function?
Bony processes which extend sideways from the junction between the pedicle and lamina Act as “handle bars” when muscles attach to them and create movement
29
What are articular processes of vertebrae?
Paired body projections on the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral arch. Form the facet joints
30
What is the vertebral foramen?
The opening created by the vertebral arch With multiple vertebrae it is referred to as the “Vertebral Canal”
31
How is the intervertebral foramen formed?
There is a vertebral notch between the body and posterior elements When two vertebrae are stacked one on the other, the notch now becomes the intervertebral foramen
32
What exits the intervertebral foramen?
The peripheral nerve root exits from the spinal cord through this foramen
33
Parts of intervertebral disc
Annulus fibrosis (laminated fibrous ring) Nucleus pulposis (inner core of gel like fluid) See figure
34
What is the function of the intervertebral disc?
Shock Absorbtion Allows movement (cartilagenous/amphiarthrotic) Gives height to the vertebral column
35
Disc problems
Degeneration Bulging disc Herniated disc Thinning disc Disc degeneration with osteophyte formation (bony projections) See figure
36
Special features of cervical region
Small vertebral bodies Bifid spinous process (EXCEPT C7) Foramina in transverse process which accommodates vertebral arteries Large vertebral foramen (canal) that accommodates the large brachial plexus of nerves Articular processes orientated in horizontal plane which facilitates movement. See figure
37
Which cervical vertebrae are considered to be typical
Vertebrae C3 to C6 are considered to be “typical” cervical vertebra. Vertebrae C1 & C2 are unique or specialized vertebrae.
38
Which cervical vertebrae has the longest spinous process?
C7 (Vertebra Prominens) Not bifid
39
Exception to foramen in transverse process of cervical vertebrae
vertebral artery passes through the transverse foramen while ascending toward the brain. The vertebral artery passes through the transverse foramen of C1 - C6, BUT NOT C7
40
Atlas particulars
C1 Supports the skull Superior articular facets articulate with the occipital condyle of the skull (facilitates nodding your head) Has anterior and posterior arches – no vertebral body See figure
41
Axis particulars
C2 Dens (odontoid) process that projects through the vertebral foramen of the atlas to form pivot rotation See figure
42
Which vertebrae form the atlanto/axial joint?
C1 and C2
43
Special features of thoracic vertebrae
Heart shaped body Long pointed spinous vertebrae that overlap each other. Superior and inferior demifacets on the vertebral body (site of rib attachment). Facets on transverse processes also for rib attachment Superior and inferior articular facets face in frontal plane, allows little flex/extension movement.
44
Special features of lumbar vertebrae
Large and Heavy vertebral bodies (for weightbearing) Large, thick, Square cut spinous process - projects straight back “Grasping” articular facets face in sagittal plane – allows little rotation.
45
What happens if you draw a horizontal line from the highest point of the iliac crests...
run through the spinous process of L4
46
Intervertebral joints: type of joint, location, load
Fibrocartilaginous joints Anterior column of the spinal cord built for stability Bear compressive loads Tremendous ligamentous support (6 in #)
47
Size of intervertebral joints as you move toward pelvis
Progressively larger
48
Zygoapophyseal joints: aka, type of joint, location
Facets Plane type synovial joints Posterior column of spine is built for mobility Determined by region & orientation of superior & inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebral segments.
49
Atlanto-occipital joint, joint type
C1/C0 Synovial Condyloid joint
50
Articular surfaces of atlanto-occipital joint
Occipital condyles of the skull Facets on superior surface of lateral masses of atlas vertebra
51
Motions possible thanks to Atlanto-occipital joint
Flexion / extension (nodding head “Yes”) slight side flexion.
52
atlanta-axial joint (C1/C2) joint type
Synovial: Pivot (medial) & plane (lateral) joints
53
Articular surfaces of atlanta-axial joint
Facet on posterior aspect of anterior arch of the atlas Facet on anterior aspect of dens of the axis. See figure
54
Motions possible thanks to atlanta-axial joint (C1/C2)
Rotation (shaking head “No”). Accounts for 40% of cervical flexion/60% of cervical rotation
55
Intervertebral disc between C1 and C2?
No
56
Ligaments that support atlanta-axial joint (C1/C2)
Cruciform ligament Transverse ligament of the atlas Alar ligaments Apical ligament
57
ROM in C spine
Built for mobility Flex/Ext, Lat flex, Rotation
58
ROM in T spine
Built for stability Little Flex/Ext Lat flex, Rotation
59
ROM in L spine
Built to Flex/Ext Some Lat flex Little Rotation
60
Function of back muscles
Protect the spine Transfers loads from head and trunk to pelvis Permit motion in all 3 planes
61
Two main groupings of back muscles
Intrinsic Muscles: Small muscles that stabilize spine & maintain posture, Control / guide precise movements between adjacent segments Extrinsic Muscles: Large muscles that power global movements of the back
62
Two groups of back muscles
Superficial (trapezius, latissimus dorsi) Deep (levitator scapulae, rhomboids, erector spinal and quadrates lumborum)
63
What is the trapezius?
Large, superficial, triangular muscle of the upper back and neck region
64
What does the function of trapezius depend on?
Depend on location and direction
65
Upper fibres of trapezius - function
Scapular elevation/rotation ("shrug“) Neck Side Flexion (unilateral) or Extension (bilateral)
66
Middle fibres of trapezius - function
Scapular retraction
67
Lower fibres of trapezius - function
Pull medial end of scapular spine down (rotates glenoid fossa upward) Important to facilitate raising the arm over head
68
What is the latissimus Dorsi?
Large, superficial, broad muscle of back Diamond shaped
69
What anatomical structure does the latissimus dorsi form?
Forms posterior wall of axilla (armpit)
70
Where does latissimus doors arise from? Where does it insert?
Arises from lower back inserts prox. humerus
71
Functions of latissimus dorsi
Shoulder extension Shoulder adduction Shoulder medial rotation Composite action: swimming, paddling
72
Levator scapulae location
Deep to trapezius Runs from cervical spine to scapula
73
Function of levator scapulae
Elevate scapula
74
Location of rhomboid muscles
Deep to trapezius (middle fibres) Extends from vertebral column to medial border of scapula Runs obliquely down and laterally
75
Function of rhomboid muscles
Retract scapula
76
Sections of erector spinae muscle group
Spinalis Longissiumus Iliocostalis See figure
77
Function of erector spinae muscle group
Extension
78
What is the quadrates lumborum?
Square muscles on either side of the lumbar spine. Runs between the 12th rib and iliac crest
79
Function of quadratus lumborum?
Side flexion of the lumbar spine See figure
80
How is upright posture maintained?
Back muscles contract isometrically (without changing muscle length or joint angle) Abdominal muscles remain quite or contract isometrically.
81
Functional movements essential for posture
Eccentric (lengthening) muscle contractions to control the body against gravity.
82
Shoulder rules of 3
3 bones: Clavicle, Scapula & Humerus 3 joints: SC, AC & GH 3 groups of muscles: thorax to humerus, thorax to scapula/clavicle, scapula/clavicle to humerus
83
Importance of shoulder joint
Only attachment of appendicular skeleton (arm) to axial skeleton (trunk)
84
Shape of clavicle
S shaped Medial one third is convex anteriorly (rounded outward) Lateral one third is concave anteriorly (curved inward)
85
Functions of clavicle
keeps shoulders back and arms at side Force absorption & dissipation (Foosh - fall onto outstretched hand) Rotation of the scapula in abduction
86
Shape of scapula
Spade Triangular Thin , flat
87
Attachment of scapula to chest wall?
No Held against ribs by muscles
88
What does humorous articulate with in shoulder?
Head of humerus (proximal end) articulates with the Glenoid fossa of scapula
89
Shape of humorous
Typical long bone (shaft and 2 enlarged ends) See figure
90
What is sternoclavicular (SC) joint formed by?
Formed by medial clavicle and clavicular notch of the Sternum See figure
91
SC joint type
Saddle type
92
Movements of SC joint
Subtle movements occur about a multi axial plane.
93
What is acromioclavicular (AC) joint formed by?
Lateral clavicle articulates with acromion process of scapula See figure
94
AC joint type
Plane
95
Support of AC joint
Supported by thick ligaments
96
Movements of AC joint
Allows for rotational movements of clavicle on acromion Injury of joint referred to as “shoulder separation"
97
What is Glenohumeral (GH) joint formed by?
Shoulder joint Articulation between head of humerus and glenoid of the scapula See figure
98
GH joint type
Synovial Multi-axial, ball and socket type
99
Movement of GH joint
Freely movable, but structurally unstable because very little of humeral head (1/3rd) is in contact with fossa at any one time. Flexion / Extension Abduction / Adduction Medial / Lateral Rotation
100
Glenoid characteristics
Glenoid is deepened by a cartilaginous ring (labrum), and stabilized by strong ligaments
101
Scapulo-thoracic motion
Movement of the scapula on the thorax to facilitate movement of the humerus to bring hands overhead Not an actual bony articulation 1° of scapular movement (on the thorax) for every 2° of GH movement at shoulder.
102
What happens during 180 degrees of shoulder abduction?
120° from GH joint 60° from ST articulation
103
Other paired movements of shoulder
Require movement in all three joints Elevation / Depression Protraction / Retraction Cross flexion / Extension
104
3 main groups of shoulder muscles
1) Thorax to humerus 2) Thorax to scapula/clavicle 3) Scapula/Clavicle to humorous
105
Thorax to humerous
Posterior: latissimus dorsi (superficial back muscle) Anterior: pectoralis major
106
Pectoralis major
Large, superficial muscle of chest that forms the anterior wall of axilla
107
Functions of pectoralis major
Shoulder flexion Shoulder adduction Shoulder medial rotation • ie. 'bear hug See figure
108
Thorax to scapula/clavicle
Posterior: trapezius (superficial back muscle), Rhomboids (deep) Anterior: Pectoralis minor
109
Location of pectoralis minor
Positioned deep to pectoralis major muscle See figure
110
Function of pectoralis minor
Protraction of scapula powers reach beyond reach See figure
111
Scapula/Clavicle to humorous
Posterior: rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis) Anterior: deltoid See figure
112
What is the rotator cuff?
Intrinsic muscles of shoulder Comprised of four separate muscles
113
Location of rotator cuff
Originate from scapula to attach to head of the humerus
114
Function of rotator cuff
SITS 1) Supraspinatus – Abduction of shoulder 2) Infraspinatus - Lateral rotation of shoulder 3) Teres minor - Lateral rotation of shoulder 4) Subscapularis - Medial rotation of shoulder
115
Which is the round muscle on top of shoulder?
Deltoid Provides bulk of shoulder, forms "U" - 3 distinct heads
116
Functions of deltoid
Anterior: Shoulder flexion Middle: Shoulder abduction Posterior: Shoulder extension See figure

Anatomy (MPAS) (22 decks)

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