Lecture 18 4/8/14

Question 1

Is breathing a active or passive process?

Answer 1

Active Process

Question 2

Relaxing on Expiration is what type of process?

Answer 2

Passive Process

Question 3

Decrease in surface area decreases what?

Answer 3

Gas Exchange

Question 4

Tracheal Rings

Answer 4

Trachea is lined with approx. 20 tracheal ringed cartilages

Question 5

Anatomy of Trachea

Answer 5

C shaped circulation. The esophagus expands when we swallow. Opened in the back, as it expands the esophagus during swallowing.

Question 6

Trachealis Muscle

Answer 6

A muscle that goes across the back of the Trachea. The muscle will contract on forceful inspiration to help keep the trachea opened.

Question 7

Why do we need the tracheal rings?

Answer 7

Or Portion of Cartilage Rings? To provide structure and prevent collapse on inspiration. The reason why is because when you’re sucking it is causing negative pressure. Prevent the collapse of walls during inspiration.

Question 8

Right and Left Main Bronchi

Answer 8

The bifurcation is located at the T5 vertebral level. Like the tracheal rings, the primary bronchi contain incomplete rings lined by ciliated columnar epithelium.

Question 9

Transition from Cartilage to No Cartilage Description

Answer 9

The bronchials and terminal bronchials, and respiratory bronchials, the trachial rings are not there because the collapsing force is not as strong as those in the Trachial rings. We transition from cartilage to smooth muscle from the segmented bronchi to the bronchioles because the collapsing pressure is non-existent at this level.

Question 10

8 Levels of Bronchial Tree

Answer 10

a) R and L Main Bronchi
b) Secondary or Lobar Bronchi –
c) Tertiary or Segmental Bronchi –
d) Bronchioles
e) Terminal Bronchioles
f) Respiratory Bronchioles
g) Alveolar Ducts
h) Alveoli

Question 11

Alveoli

Answer 11

About 300 million of these and significant (7 Tennis Courts) surface area for gas exchange about 70 square meters. Look like Cup shape out pouchings. Look like grape like cluster. Is where gas exchange occurs between air and the blood.

Question 12

Cell Types of Alveoli

Answer 12

1. Simple Squamous Epithelium

2. Septal Cells

Question 13

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Answer 13

One cell layer thick, flat, allows for easy gas exchange across the membrane.

Question 14

Septal Cells

Answer 14

Known as Type 2 surfactant cells. Because they lay in the septa.

Question 15

Septal Cells Produce What?

Answer 15

Produce surfactant (phospholipids) which reduces the surface tension between the alveoli.

Question 16

Surfactant Cells in babies are What?

Answer 16

Surfactant cells are the immature cells with premature babies, the babies having to go to oxygen tents and give them growth factors to accelerate the growth of these cells

Question 17

Surfactant Cells Help babies with What?

Answer 17

To help babies mature more quickly because if you don’t have Type II Surfactant cells, that decreases the surface tension within the alveoli and it makes it much harder for these babies to breath.

Question 18

Surfactant cells reduce surface tension between what?

Answer 18

Surfactant cells reduce surface tension between water molecules so that the Alveoli can be opened to get air back into the lungs.

Question 19

Describe the lobes of the lungs

Answer 19

3 Lobes on the right and 2 Lobes on the left on the lungs.

Question 20

Right Lungs

Answer 20

Divided into Superior, Middle, and Inferior Lobes.

Question 21

Horizontal Fissure of Right Lung

Answer 21

Separates Superior from Middle lobes

Question 22

Oblique Fissure of Right Lung

Answer 22

Separates Middle from Inferior lobes

Question 23

Left Lung

Answer 23

Divided into Superior and Inferior Lobes

Question 24

Oblique Fissure of Left Lung

Answer 24

Separates superior and inferior lobes.

Question 25

Lungs

Answer 25

Main Organ of Respiration

Question 26

Surface Anatomy of Lungs

Answer 26

Parietal Pleura Visceral Pleura

Question 27

Parietal Pleura

Answer 27

Is the Serrous membrane that adheres to the inside of the thoracic cage.

Question 28

Visceral Pleura

Answer 28

Is going to adhere to the outside of the lungs.

Question 29

Laws Associated with Respiration

Answer 29

External Respiration Internal Respiration

Question 30

External Respiration

Answer 30

Gas exchange between the outside air and the blood at the lungs.

Question 31

Internal Respiration

Answer 31

Gas exchange between the blood in the cells and the tissues. Profusion of the tissues

Question 32

Ventilation

Answer 32

AKA Breathing; process by which atmospheric gases travel into the lungs and waste gases travel outside of the lungs.

Question 33

Alveolar Ventilation

Answer 33

movement of air in and out of the alveoli. Not an active process, it's diffusion.

Question 34

Inspiration

Answer 34

AKA Inhalation – process by which air enters the lungs. Is an active process. Contraction of the diaphragm, pulling it downward, creating a vacuum and pulling air into the lungs. Negative pressure, creating a vacuum.

Question 35

External Intercostals

Answer 35

Run obliquely; attach to the rib up above and below. Pulls the rib upward to increase thoracic cage diameter.

Question 36

Muscles involved with Inspiration

Answer 36

Diaphragm External Intercostals Muscles

Question 37

Intrapulmonic Pressure

Answer 37

Intra means within. So it's pressure measured across the lungs into the alveoli. This is the lesser of the two pressures.

Question 38

Interpleural Pressure

Answer 38

Inter means between. So it's pressure measured in between the pleural membranes. This is the greater of the two pressures. Because it has to be great enough to pull the alveoli closer to the lungs.

Question 39

Which is the greater pressure between Interpleural Pressure or Intrapulmonic Pressure

Answer 39

The intrapulmonic pressure is significantly less than interpleural pressure but great enough to open the alveoli.

Question 40

Expiration

Answer 40

AKA Exhalation - process by which air leaves the lungs. Is a passive process. Inspiratory muscles - they are relaxing

Question 41

Muscles involved for normal expiration

Answer 41

Diaphragm External Intercostals

Question 42

Forced Expiration

Answer 42

what actually contracts. Have to exhale quickly to increase our rate of gas exchange

Question 43

Muscled involved for forced expiration

Answer 43

Internal Intercostals - it pulls the ribs downward Abdominal obliques - they will contract and pull ribs downward also Rectus Abdominus

Question 44

Respiratory Law

Answer 44

Boyle's Law

Question 45

Boyle's Law

Answer 45

Is the reason why respiration works, the inspiration and expiration. System is inversely proportional to pressure; V = 1/P Decrease the pressure we are increasing the volume. Pressure differences inside the lung, relative to constant atmospheric pressure, causes air to move in and out of the lungs.

Question 46

Respiratory Emergencies

Answer 46

Pneumothorax Decreased Surfactant Production

Question 47

Pneumothorax

Answer 47

We've got air in the pleural cavities Abnormal collection of air or gas in the pleural space that separates the lung from the chest wall and which may interfere with normal breathing.