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Y2 - Head N Neck > Lecture 18 - Imaging > Flashcards

Lecture 18 - Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

How do radiographs create an image (basic)?

A

X ray beam passed towards a plate detector
Structures that absorb the x-rays appear more white

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2
Q

What are the advantages of radiographs?

A

Quick
Cheap
Readily available
Low ionising radiation dose

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3
Q

What are the downsides to radiographs?

A

Low contrast
2D images

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4
Q

How does Ultrasound create images (basic)?

A

Handheld prob using sound waves?

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5
Q

What are the advantages of using ultrasound?

A

Cheap
No ionising radiation

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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of ultrasound?

A

Operator dependant (need to be skilled)
Limited by bone (too dense to pass through)

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7
Q

What is ultrasound useful for imaging?

A

Thyroid
Superficial soft tissue

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8
Q

What are the advantages of CT?

A

Quick
Readily available

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9
Q

What is the disadvantage of CT?

A

High does radiation

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10
Q

What are the advantages of MRI?

A

The best contrast
No ionising radiation

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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of MRI?

A

Slow
Expensive
Limited availability
Claustrophobic
Cant be done if have metal in body

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12
Q

What are radiographs typically used for in Head N Neck?

A

Minor skull trauma (when cant do CT)

Cervical spine trauma

Foreign bodies in neck

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13
Q

What are ultrasounds typically used for?

A

Thyroid evaluation
Superficial head and neck masses
Superficial infection
Carotid Doppler

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14
Q

What are CTs typically used for for Head N Neck?

A

Trauma
Acute focal neurological symptoms
Malignancy
Infection (retropharyngeal infections can go to mediastinum)
Angiographic imaging of arteries and veins

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15
Q

When may you want to do a CT for an adult?

A

Any sign of basal skull fracture
Focal neurological deficit
Multiple vomiting episodes

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16
Q

What are MRIs typically used for?

A

Imaging brain since it’s good and seeing difference between white and grey matter (tumour evaluation, epilepsy)

Cervical spinal cord trauma
Head and neck tumours

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17
Q

What are the 3 planes of sectioning?

A

Coronal (wearing a crown)
Transverse(slice like a cucumber)
Sagittal (split down middle)

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18
Q

What are the normal lines between the skull bones called?

A

Sutures

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19
Q

What is it called when bone is eroded by soft tissue?

A

Lyric soft tissue

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20
Q

Go to the last slide and label skull 1:

A

1 = frontal bone
2 = sphenoid bones
3 = frontal sinus
4 = ethmoid bone
5 = nasal bone
6 = maxilla
7. = cribiform plate
8 = parietal bone
9 = temporal bone
10 = foramen magnum
11 = occipital bone

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21
Q

Go to the last slide and label sutures image 2:

A

1 = coronal suture
2 = lambdoid suture
3 = squamous suture

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22
Q

Go to the last slide and label image 3:

A

1 = coronal suture
2 = Sagittal suture
3 = lambdoid suture

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23
Q

Go to the last slide image 4 and label the yellow and red strucutres:

A

Yellow = coronal sutures
Red = lambdoid sutures

24
Q

Look at slide 24 for a normal facial radiograph

25
What is an orthopantomogram used to view?
Teeth problems Mandibular problems
26
Look at slide 30, what is the abnormality?
No air in maxillary sinus
27
What is the abnormality on slide 31
Displaced right mandiiibular fracture Non displaced left side mandibular fracture
28
Slide 32 What is the abnormality?
Right sided maxillary flor fracture Soft tissue problems
29
Slide 33 Abnormality?
Left sided eyebrow sign (air around the orbit)
30
Slide 35 Abnormality?
Right sided mastoid fracture Left sided fracture around carotid canal
31
Go to the last slide and label image 5 (vertebrae):
1 = pedicle 2 = vertebral body 3 = transverse foreman 4 = lamina 5 = spinous process 6 = superior articular facet
32
What vertebral body needs to be visible in the C spine for it to be considered a good image?
C7
33
Go to slide 41, what ligaments are the lines indicating?
Yellow = anterior spinal Green = posterior spinal ligament Blue = ligamentum flavum
34
What needs to be either side of the odontioid peg in a normal cervical radiograph?
Lateral masses
35
Look at slide 48: What is the abnormality?
Fracture of C2
36
Go to the last slide, what is the image of?
Jefferson fracture
37
What is a Jefferson fracture?
Fracture of C1due to Axial loading
38
What are 3 spinal columns?
Anterior Middle Posterior
39
What is a limitation of Radiographs?
Can’t see ligamentous injuries
40
Look at the last slide at image 7, label the lobes of the brain:
1 = frontal lobe 2 = temporal lobe 3 = parietal lobe 4 = occipital lobe
41
What are the ventricles filled with in the subarachnoid space?
CSF
42
Look at the last at image 8: Label the sections of the brain MRI:
Yellow = frontal Green = temporal Red = parietal Blue = occipital Purple = ventricle
43
What appearance does an Extradural haemorrhage produce on a CT?
Lentiform appearance
44
What causes an Extradural haemorrhage?
Middle meningeal artery rupture under pterion
45
How does a patient with an extra dural haemorrhage present?
Trauma Loss of consciousness Lucid interval where they’re ok Then rapid deterioration
46
How does a subdural haemorrhage appear on CT?
Banana shaped/cresent shape
47
What causes a subdural haemorrhage?
Bridging veins break due to trauma causing bleeding into space between dura and arachnoid mater
48
What type of blood makes up a subdural haemorrhage?
Venous blood
49
How do we manage a subdural haemorrhage?
Anticoagulation (warfarin) If small conservatively Neurosurgical emergency
50
What is the pathology on the last slide CT 9:
Sub arachnoid haemorrhage
51
What are the normal causes of a subarachnoid haemorrhage?
Aneurysm/ruptureed vessel Trauma
52
How do you treat a subarachnoid haemorrhage caused by trauma?
Correct Anticoagulatio Further CT Neurosurgical
53
What type of blood vessel is ruptured in a subarachnoid rupture / aneurysm?
Arterial blood
54
How does a subarachnoid haemorrhage present when caused by a rupture?
Central hyper density in subarachnoid space Thunderclap headache
55
How are is a subarachnoid haemorrhage managed?
Neurosurgery

Y2 - Head N Neck (24 decks)

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