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Y2 - Head N Neck > Osteology Of Skull > Flashcards

Osteology Of Skull Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the parts of the cranium called?

A

Neurocranium

Viscerocranium

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2
Q

What are sutures?

A

The fibrous joints between the bones of the cranium

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3
Q

What is the term for depressions?

A

Fossae

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4
Q

What is the name given to roundish holes?

Narrow slits?

A

Foramina

Fissures

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5
Q

What is the function of the Neurocranium?

A

Encases and protects brain

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6
Q

What make up the Neurocranium?

A

Calvaria/skull cap made of the cranial floor and cranial cavity

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7
Q

How do the vault bones of the Neurocranium form?

A

Start as membranes then ossify (intrramembranous ossification)

Floor/ base starts as cartilage (Endochondral ossification)

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8
Q

What part of the skull makes up the viscerocranium?

A

Facial skeleton and jaw

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9
Q

How do the viscerocranium bones form?

A

Begin as membranes or cartilage and ossify

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10
Q

What is the name of the embryological structure that gives rise to the head and neck?

A

Pharyngeal arches (1,2)

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11
Q

What are the bones of the Neurocranium that are visible(calvaria/skull)?

A

Frontal bone

Parietal bones

Temporal bone

Occipital bones

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12
Q

What is the bone that forms the forehead?

A

Frontal bone

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13
Q

What is it called when the left and right frontal bones dont fuse together at the midline?

A

Metopic suture

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14
Q

What is the name of the bone that is posterior to the frontal bone?

A

Parietal bone (left and right parietal bone)

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15
Q

What is the name of the main bone that forms the lateral aspect of the Neurocranium?

A

Temporal bone

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16
Q

What is the name of the part of the temporal bone that houses the delicate structures of the inner and middle ear?

A

Petrous part of temporal bone

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17
Q

What is the name of the bone visible on the lateral aspect of the Neurocranium that’s anterior to the temporal bone but posterior to the orbital cavity?

A

Greater wing of sphenoid bone

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18
Q

What is the main bone forming the posterior aspect of the skull?

A

Occipital bone

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19
Q

What part of the occipital bone articulates with the C1 vertebra?

A

Occipital condyles

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20
Q

Look at the end of the lecture and label the bones of the Neurocranium

A

Blue = frontal bone
Red = parietal bones
Pink = temporal bone
Green = greater wing of sphenoid
Yellow = occipital bone

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21
Q

What is the name of the suture on the top of the skull joining the frontal bone and the parietal bone?

A

Coronal suture

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22
Q

What is the name of the suture joining the 2 parietal bones?

A

Sagittal suture

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23
Q

What is the name of the suture joining the occipital bone and the 2 parietal bones?

A

Lambdoid suture

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24
Q

What is the name of the point where the coronal suture and Sagittal suture meet?

A

Bregma

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25
What is the name of the point where the Sagittal suture and lambdoid suture meet?
Lambda
26
What is the name of the large areas of unossified membranous gaps between flat bones of the calvaria which are present in development?
Anterior fontanelle Posterior fontanelle
27
Go to slide 10 to look at the sutures and points that the suture meet
28
What is the importance of the fontanelles in the infant?
Allows for the skull size to increase as the brain size increases
29
What is the name of the condition where the fontalleles and sutures fuse too early?
Craniosynostosis
30
How should the anterior fontanelle appear in a healthy baby?
Slightly convex
31
What is concave and what is convex?
Concave is a U shape (imagine a bombs gone off in the ground) Convex is a n shape
32
What does a bulgining anterior fontanelle indicate? What does a sunken anterior fontanelle indicate?
Bulging = high intercranial pressure Sunken = dehydrate/low intercranial pressure
33
How are the bones of the calvaria specially structured to provide strength?
Trilaminar arrangement
34
Describe the trilaminar arrangement of the bones of the calvaria:
Inner table (compact bone) Spongy bone (dipole) Outer table (compact bone)
35
What is the name of the membrane covering the surfaces of the outer and inner table of the skull bones?
Periosteum
36
Where are arteries located within the structure of the trilaminar arrangement of the skull bones?
Between the periosteum and the bone (inner table)
37
What are the 3 types of intracranial haemorrhages that can form as a result of bleeding from the artery between the periosteum and the bone?
Subarachnoid haemorrhage Subdural haemorrhage Extramural haemorrhage
38
What type of intracranial haemorrhage is a lentiform appearance characteristic of? (look at slide 14)
Extradural haemorrhage
39
What artery is ruptured in an Extradural haemorrhage?
Middle meningeal artery
40
What creates the lentiform appearance for an Extradural haemorrhage?
The bleeding from the middle meningeal artery strips the periosteals layer from the inner table but it isn’t strong enough to stir the periosteum at the ends
41
What are the names of the 3 depressions making the cranial floor?
Anterior cranial floor/fossa Middle cranial floor Posterior floor
42
What is the rough shape of the middle cranial fossa?
Butterfly shaped
43
What are the bones that form the anterior cranial floor?
Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Lesser wing of sphenoid
44
Where is the ethmoid bone located in the anterior cranial floor?
In between the orbital planes which is the parts of the frontal bone overlying the orbits
45
What cavity does the ethmoid bone form a key part of?
Nasal cavity
46
What is the name of the part of the ethmoid bone visible when looking at the anterior cranial floor? What does it attatch to? Look at slide 18
Crista galli Dural fold
47
What is the name of the flat rectangular plate that the crista galli attaches to?
Cribriform plate
48
What is the name of the long protuberance that separates the nasal cavity into 2 halves?
Perpendicular plate/vomer
49
What nerve passes through the perforations in the cribriform plate to roof of nasal cavity?
Olfactory nerve
50
What bone is present in both the anterior and middle cranial floor?
Sphenoid bone (Lesser wing = anterior floor) (Greater wings = middle floor)
51
What is the central bony prominence of the greater wing of sphenoid in the middle cranial floor?
Sella turcica
52
What is the central depression of the sella turcica called?
Pituitary fossa
53
What are some key parts of the temporal bone? (slide 20(
Zygomatic process which forms shape of cheek Mastoid process Petrous bone Squamous part
54
What is important about the Petrous part of the temporal bone?
Its very hard so it can protect the very delicate structures of the inner ear
55
What is the palpable part of the occipital bone called?
Occipital protuberance
56
What iis the curved line at the back of the occipital bone called and what attaches here?
Superior nuchal line Trapezius attaches here
57
What is the name of the hole which the brainstem continues through becoming the spinal cord?
Foramen magnum
58
Why is significant traum needed to force a skull fracture?
Trilaminar structure very strong
59
What is a linear skull fracture?
When the fracture line is fairly straight and theres no bone displacement
60
What is a comminuted fracture?
Fragments multiple fracture lines which can be depressed or non depressed
61
Why are comminuted fractures which have depressed dangerous?
Can displace into the brain
62
What is the Pterion?
Where the 4 bones of the Neurocranium (vault/skull cap) join together on the lateral side
63
Why are blows to the lateral side of the head (pterion) dangerous?
Pterion is relatively weak Medial meningeal artery located underneath it which can consequently cause an extra dural intercranial haemorrhage
64
What is a characteristic feature of an orbital plate fracture of the anterior cranial fossa?
Periorbital ecchymosis (raccoon eyes)
65
What are the 3 characteristic indications of a fracture to the Petrous bone in the middle cranial floor?
Blood + CSF out of ear (otorrhea) Battles sign (bruising of mastoid process) Haemotympanum (blood pooling in middle ear cavity since tympanic membrane is leaking blood)
66
What is indicative of an anterior cranial floor/fossa fracture involving the ethmoid bone?
Clear fluid (CSF) dripping from nose
67
What are the bones of the viscerocranium?
Zygomatic (2bones) Maxilla Nasal Lacrimal Mandible
68
Look at the last slide Name the bones
Blue = zygomatic bones Red = maxilla Yellow = nasal Purple = lacrimal Green = mandible
69
Why do impacts to the supraorbital ridge usually lead to laceration?
The supraorbital ridge of the frontal bone is very tough
70
What are the 3 bones commonly fractured in the face?
Nasal bones Zygomatic bone and arch Mandible
71
What type of x-ray is taken if a mandibular fracture is suspected?
OPG xray
72
What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
Synovial hinge-type joint between mandible at condyles and temporal bone
73
What separates the tempormandibular joint into 2 synovial cavities?
Fibrocartilaginous disc
74
What is Tempormandibular joint disorder?
Pain around the joint with clicking and locking
75
What nerve innervates the temporomanidibular joint?
Auriculotemporal nerve which is a branch of the mandibular division of the Trigeminal nerve
76
What stabilises the TMJ?
Joint capsule 3 extracapsular ligaments
77
What is the function of the inferior joint capsule of the TMJ?
Rotation
78
What is the function of the superior joint capsule of the TMJ?
Gliding function
79
Hoe does the jaw open with reference to the motions due to the superior and inferior joint capsule?
Inferior capsule rotates Superior joint capsule glides forward (condyle slide onto articular tubule)
80
What are the 4 muscles of mastication? What is the innervation?
Temporalis Masseter Lateral pterygoids Medial pterygoids Mandibular division of the Trigeminal nerve
81
What muscles elevate the mandible at the TMJ?
Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoids
82
What muscle depresses the mandible at the TMJ?
Lateral pterygoids Platysma (against resistance)
83
What muscles do protraction at the TMJ??
Lateral pterygoids Medial pterygoids
84
What leads to a TMJ dislocation?
When the condyle passes in front of the articular tubercle
85
What leads to the jaw locking once it has anteriorly displaced/dislocated?
Muscles of mastication around joint keep it locked
86
What leads to the jaw locking once it has anteriorly displaced/dislocated?
Muscles of mastication around joint keep it locked
87
How is a dislocated TMJ fixed?
Reduced by pushing down on jaw and sliding condyle back in the mandibular fossa

Y2 - Head N Neck (24 decks)

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