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Biochemistry > Lecture 19 (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Lecture 19 (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

This type of isomers have identical molecular formulas but differ in how the atoms are ordered. They are tautomers.

A

Constitutional

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2
Q

_______ _______ are the linear versions of carbohydrates.

A

Fisher Projections

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3
Q

________ have the same connectivity but different spatial organizations (D or L configuration).

A

Stereoisomers

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4
Q

Configurational isomers have _______ carbons. Meaning they can’t be changed through rotation, bonds have to be broken.

A

Chiral

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5
Q

These are mirror images at all chiral centers.

A

Enantiomers

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6
Q

These are not mirror images overall, but have some changes at stereocenters.

A

Diastereomers

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7
Q

_______ _______ are the cyclic versions of carbohydrates.

A

Haworth projections

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8
Q

What is the first step to drawing monosaccharides (converting from fisher to haworth)?

A

Choose your ring – 6 or 5 membered ring

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9
Q

What is the 2nd step to drawing monosaccharides (converting from fisher to haworth)?

A

The carbonyl C goes 1 position clockwise from O

***This is called the anomeric carbon

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10
Q

What is the 3rd step to drawing monosaccharides (converting from fisher to haworth)?

A

Number carbons clockwise (starting with the number of the carbonyl carbon)

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11
Q

What is the 4th step to drawing monosaccharides (converting from fisher to haworth)?

A

The =O (always at anomeric carbon) becomes -OH, and UP is beta and DOWN is alpha

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12
Q

Anomers differ at the anomeric ______ only (i.e., alpha - hydroxyl down vs beta - hydroxyl up)

A

Carbon

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13
Q

_______ differ at any other carbon than the anomeric carbon (i.e., same alpha or beta but different something else).

A

Epimers

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14
Q

What is the 5th step to drawing monosaccharides (converting from fisher to haworth)?

A

Left side goes UP

Right side goes DOWN

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15
Q

What is the 6th step to drawing monosaccharides (converting from fisher to haworth)?

A

Once you reach the last carbon before the O in the ring you stop (hydroxyl becomes that O)

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16
Q

What is the final step to drawing monosaccharides (converting from fisher to haworth)?

A

Remaining C’s are rotationally ambiguous, so write them linearly

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17
Q

__________ isomers have reversible rotation changes. Can be rotated about a single bond.

A

Conformational

18
Q

(L/D) configuration means the -OH is to the right of the last stereocenter.

A

D

19
Q

(L/D) configuration means the -OH is to the left of the last stereocenter.

A

L

20
Q

These are formed when one or more hydroxyls are replaced.

A

Glycosides

21
Q

This is a galactose derivative. It is the only L-monosaccharide made and used by mammals, is part of A/B/O blood antigens. Excess of it in the blood can mean liver damage, cancer, diabetes, and heart disease.

A

Fucose

22
Q

The hydroxyl on the 5th carbon of Fucose is replaced by a…

A

Methyl

23
Q

These have ester linkages and are part of nucleic acids. They are an important reactive intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism.

A

Phosphates

24
Q

Phosphates add a ________ charge and come from ATP. The name in the monosaccharide tells you where to put the phosphate.

A

Negative

25
Q

In this monosaccharide modification, reducing sugars are _______ at the carbonyl. This makes acids and lactones. (Lose hydrogen)

A

Oxidized (oxidation)

26
Q

An antiquated diabetes urine test is an example of ________.

A

Oxidation

27
Q

In this monosaccharide modification, ________ at the carbonyl makes alditols. (Add hydrogen)

A

Reduction

28
Q

Sorbitol is a type of alditol (formed by reduction) that can cause ________ if it accumulates in the lens of the eye.

A

Cataracts

29
Q

These modified monosaccharides are found in branched polysaccharides and are common additions to proteins. They are N-linked glycosides.

A

Amino sugars

30
Q

Common additions for amino sugars are…

A

-Amine
-Acetyl
Lactic acid

31
Q

This modified monosaccharide is the same reaction that creates polysaccharides, but with a non-sugar…

A

Methylation

32
Q

Some important toxins are O-linked ________.

A

Glycosides

33
Q

Role 1 of polysaccharides are glucose ________.

A

Storage

34
Q

Role 2 of polysaccharides is _______ such as beta-linkages (beta-sheets).

A

Structure

35
Q

Role 3 of polysaccharides is protein ________.

A

Diversity

36
Q

This type of protein helps with cell adhesion on membrane proteins and cell signaling on soluble proteins. The protein is greater than sugar (by weight).

A

Glycoproteins

37
Q

_________ is a glycoprotein that stimulates RBC production and GlcNAc is indicative of cellular energy stores.

A

Erythropoietin

38
Q

This type of protein has repeating disaccharide units. The sugar is greater than protein (by weight). Sugar component of proteoglycans.

A

Glycosaminoglycans

39
Q

Examples of glycosaminoglycans are…

A

Cartilage
Blood clotting
Chitin

40
Q

This type of protein helps with lubrication, which equals protection and hydration. The sugar is greater than the protein (by weight).

A

Mucins

41
Q

_________ decorate cell membranes, and are used to recognize self/other. One small addition can be a matter of life or death! For example, with blood types.

A

Glycolipids

Biochemistry (10 decks)

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