Lecture 2 Flashcards
(26 cards)
What health services were developed in 19th century?
Preventative medicine with individual rights limited
Development in local authorities
What health services were developed in 20th century?
Preventative medicine and health promotion
Media messages, posters and TV adverts
Developed as a profession
What health services were developed in 21st century?
Ethical issues arose
Autonomy of individuals
What is the central ethical dilemma?
Balance the respect for individual freedom and liberty with the responsibility of governments to provide their citizens with some degree of protection in relation to health.
In the mid 20th century, what balance did ethics lean towards?
Utilitarians
When was the Helsinki declaration?
1964
When was the declaration of human rights?
1948
What does the declaration of human right state?
Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services etc.
What did the Nazi experiments report lead what conditions for research regarding to the subjects?
Right to knowledge of purpose and effects of experiment
Right of voluntary consent
Right to end participation
What did the Nazi experiments report lead what conditions for research regarding to the scientists?
Scientific basis or validity of the hypothesis
To terminate experiments likely to cause injury, disability, death
When was the Belmont report?
1979
Summarise the Belmont report
Commission was directed to consider:
the boundaries between biomedical and behavioral research and the accepted and routine practice of medicine
the role of assessment of risk-benefit criteria in the determination of the appropriateness of research involving human subjects
appropriate guidelines for the selection of human subjects for participation in such research
the nature and definition of informed consent in various research settings
What are the key principles of public health?
Equity Fairness and inclusiveness Empowerment Effectiveness Evidence-based practice
What are the 4 ethical principles?
Autonomy
Nonmalifecence
Beneficence
Justice
What does Nuffield council on bioethics do?
A body that advises on ethical issues in bioscience and health
What does Nuffield council state?
Public health should be evidenced based
Aims are clearly communicated
No coercion and intrusion in private issues to the barest minimum
What are features of individual health?
Bioethics = human rights, civil liberties and individual autonomy approach, medicalized system, confidentiality, privacy,
personalized
What are features of population health?
Public health = utilitarian, paternalistic, social and legal responsibility to protect the public health, community orientation, accountability, universal, governmental responsibility
What are common ethical challenges in public health practice?
Allocating scarce resources fairly: in emergencies, etc.
Respecting individual rights and freedom while protecting the public good
Protecting underserved and marginalized populations and building trust with them
Engaging and sharing information with communities in a transparent manner
Data confidentiality and individual privacy
What are the 3 main obligation of health workers in pandemic WHO indicates?
- Moral obligation-Duty of care, ethical principles of beneficence and nonmalifecence. Health staff have right to protect own health and minimise risk
- Professional obligation- put oneself in harm’s way to help others, regulatory authorities protecting the health staff
- Legal obligation- right to refuse to work in unsafe condition, duty to care,
Duty to self and others
Is individualism and autonomy tin line with Kantian duty?
Yes
Is public duty in line with consequentialism?
Yes
Who funds research?
50% pharmaceutical industry
30% government
20% charities
What principles can be applied to vaccine allocation?
Max benefits and minimum harm
Justice
Remove inequalities
Transparency
