Lecture 2 Flashcards
(33 cards)
mere exposure study, with 25 different chinese characters and 5 x 5 of the same characters, conclusion?
characters were rated more positively, without people recognizing the characters. This generalised to new, similar stimuli. Resulted in more general positive affect.
automatic vigilance (explaining mere exposure)
people are especially alert to negative stimuli, negativity bias, evolutionary advantage.
new neutral stimilus, repeated presentation without nefgative consequences, classical conditioning –> it’s safe.
Manipulating processing ease: “at the university we are developing a new exam policy…” (black letters on white background) (yellow letters on pink background)
When the arguments were written on pink background, they actually liked the arguments better, because it’s easier to [rocess the back and white ones.
Feeling of ease can be interpreted in different ways.. like manipulation: ease = bad
“for unintelligent people, thinking about a new subject feels easier, because they have less complex thoughts and less neuronal connections”, –> in other words: you’re dumb if it feels easy. Black on white feels easy so i must be dumb. counter arguments seems less convincing, more positive evaluation. Because it implied that they were dumb.
5 things about ease of processing (evaluation)
- happens often and generally results in accurate evaluations
- normally ease of processing signals that information is frequent/probable
- people become wary when things become complex (may trigger system 2)
- but instructions can change the interpretation of ease
- the interpretation of the feelings matters more than the feeling itself.
tips and trics for students!!
- don’t overly complex writing
- judgments of learning: people overestimate how likely they will remember certain information
- judgments of learning
people overestimate how likely they will remember certain information
short term memory is over-estimated
reduces studying behavior and therefore long-term memory performance.
When information seems really easy, rehearsing may be more important than you think
attribution
ascribing causes to social events:
- the self
- another person
- circumstances/chance (Heider!)
Heider ascribing causes to social events
- actor
- other person
- circumstances/chance
Bem’s self-perception theory
Self attributions –> first observing their own behaviour, people derive their motives, attitudes and emotions (self-definition)
Over-rewarding behaviour is bad for intrinsic motivation (20 euro, 1 euro after a boring ass task)
Guilt, pride and sustainable consumption choices. What is it?
- Perceived costumer effectiveness gets higher
consumers are more likely to act when they feel that their behaviour will make a difference - similar to self-efficacy, perceived behavioral control, internal locus of control
Both associated with internal causal attributions (i did this!)
Both guilt and pride prevent the ability to…
reduce cognitive dissonance by denying responsibility
Freedman & Fraser: can we place this sign in your garden? (slow driving) (foot in the door technique)
No frist request: 17% agree to sign in garden
small, comparable request: first sticker, then sign (67)
small different first request: sticker with keep calofornia beautiful , rhwn 50% agree to sign in garden
foot in the door technique
- self attribution
- self image is adjusted after agreeing to first small request
- with second, big request people act according to their (adjusted) self image
Wegner’s theory of apparent mental causation
- causation cannot be directly observed (Hume)
- therefore: although fluently and quickly, it is an inference and can be biased.
Priority: thought needs to occur just before action
Consistency: thought needs to be consistent with the action (outcome)
- exclusivity: are other potential causes present?
iSpy –> ik zie ik zie wat jij niet ziet (Wegner)
There was a conferderate, that would steer someone in the right direction, but the participant would think this was not the case.
Feeling that you intented to do a certain thing, that you were actually not intending to do. Illusory experience of self-agency.
5 seconds between thought and act: this was me.
Causal knowledge study:
Condition 1 : high predictability with certain button press and outcome are strongly relations
- codnition 2: random button press and outcome
- condition 3: certain button press and an unrelated outcome are strongly related
Conclusion?
If people had no idea what to expect from the task, if there is no relationship between to subjects. Your suspectible to priming if you think there is a relation.
So in what 2 cases are primes most effective in creating a sense of self agency?
- we do not have a direct explanation for (the outcomes of) our behavior, for example in novel stiuations
- the prime seems to offer a logical explanation for the outcomes of our behavior.
BUT priming is sensitive to your own beliefs of what is possible. why?
For example when you suffer from defeatist beliefs: negative thoughts about one’s ability to succesfully perform goal-drected behavior.
Believe in supernatural and telepathic influences
self-serving bias
motivation vs cognition : we expect our actions to have positive because that is what we aim for
negative consequences are unexpected and trigger a search for causes in the environment
actor vs observer effect
- We know less well what others want and will do
- behaviour is more important than context
- situational attribution is more demanding: often complex, many factors
The fundamental attribution error mainly occurs for the behaviour of others and less for our own behaviour
Fundamental attribution error
underestimate situation, and we overestimate person
Jones & Harris (1967) Someone reads put a speech for/against Fidel Castro
- conditoon 1: written self
condition 2: speech already written
Even though the speech wasn’t written themselves, they still agreed in a sense to the speech they were giving. so when the speech was already written, people agreed to the speech, even if it was positive or negative
Economic & consumer implications
- identifying consumer profiles and target audiences (ignoring context)
- Stigma (people living in poverty)
don’t judge too soon!
