lecture 7 Flashcards
(35 cards)
The ABCs of the Self
Affect: How do we evaluate
ourselves, enhance our
self-images, and defend
against threats to our selfesteem?
Behavior: How do we
regulate our actions and
present ourselves
according to interpersonal
demands?
Cognition: How do we
come to know ourselves,
develop a self-concept,
and maintain a stable
sense of identity?
the self is many more than just 2.. what are you alll
- personal
- relational
- social identity
- evaluative components
- motivational component
cognitive foundation of the self
- self concept: the cognitive representation that we have of ourselves
- working self-concept (dynamic self_: part of the self that is activated in a context
- self-schema: knowledge of a certain domain (sailing) that is important of the self
public self-awareness
more socially desirable behavior
can influence the robust bystander effect!
Social identity theory
- People base (part of) their identity on group membership = social identity
- compare groups with other groups to gauge our value or worth
- Strife towards obtaining or keeping a positive social identity
- strong tendency to protect social identity
social facilitation
difficult task: people will perform worse with auience
easy task: people will perform better with audience
ostracism
exclusion from a society or group.
-cyberball
- forever alone paradigm: give people information after task: you have some friends but you’ll soon drive apart. Pretty much unethical
what are consequenes of ostracism
- stress, pain
- strong emotions (anger, sadnesS)
- fight (agression) vs freeze (numbness) vs reconnect (OCB)
- lower termperature
- threatens fundamental needs, like control, meaningful existence, self esteem and the need to belong
The need to belong
probably the most fundamental human social need
still preoccupied with 1995: the need to belong and preference for nostalgic products
Participant with the nee to belong as active goal, experience a significantly stronger preference for nostalgic products
- can be statisfied through consumption nostalgic products: after consumption the feeling of exclusion was a little bit better
what is the difference of experiencing self and remembering self?
Experiencing self: lives in present: does it hurt now?
Remembering self:
keeps score, maintains sotry of life, how have you been feeling lately
peak end rule
The peak–end rule is a cognitive bias that impacts how people remember past events. Intense positive or negative moments (the “peaks”) and the final moments of an experience (the “end”) are heavily weighted in our mental calculus
duration neglect
the duration of the procedure had no effect whatsoever on the rationgs of total pain
If you’re a doctor, how do we lower the pain then if the duration of feeling pain does not matter and beginning and end?
It depens on motive: reduce experienced pain or remembered pain:
- lower the peak intensity
- Time does not matter so use it to gradually lower the pain until the end
why can mememories be wrong?
- duration neglect and peak-end-rule
- outside factors, such as framing –> how fast were the cars going when they smashed or hit each other?
- inside pressures such as self esteem
recency rule
typically report more events from the recent than the distant past
exceptions to the recency rule
- Reminiscence peak
- tendency to remeber transitional firsts
autobiographical memories
- flashbulnb memories serve as prominent landmarks in our autobiographies
- autobiographical memory is a vital part of, and can be shaped by our identity
- often motivated to distort the past in ways that are self-inflated.
Distortions in memory of high school grades to protect your self esteem
we remember higher grades well, but lower grades not.
choice of vacation is predicted by memory, not by experience study
Online, so actually experiencing it, was -.01 correlated with repeating the experience. remembered was correlated with ,82 repeating experience. there’s even a mismatch between experienced and remembered and predicted enjoyment.
james dean effect
Respondents rated a wonderful life that ended abruptly as better than one with additional mildly pleasant years (the “James Dean Effect”)
Alexander Solzhenitsyn Effect”
Similarly, a terrible life with additional moderately bad years was rated as more desirable than one ending abruptly without those unpleasant years
small things can have a hume impact on general well-being ratings. why?
- dime on copy machine
- football winning
- weather
Mechanism?
- mood as information vs availability/mood congruent recall
weather study where people were told about weather’s influence on mood –> do you feel better because the weather is nice? (participants said no. It doesn ‘t have to do with that. so mood as information)
Focusing illusion
The focusing illusion was coined by the psychologist and Nobel laureate Daniel Kahneman. People have a tendency to focus on one aspect of their lives while ignoring other aspects. Time is neglected and experiences that will retain their value over the long term are underappreciated
