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BICD 140-Immunology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: Dendritic cells can come from both the common lymphoid progenitor and common myeloid progenitor

A

True

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2
Q

What are the 4 ways the innate immune system work?

A
  1. PREVENTS infection
  2. RECOGNIZING microbe
  3. ALARMING other cells/tissues
  4. DESTROYING the microbe/infected cells
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3
Q

True or false: Physical barriers are not considered part of innate immunity

A

False
Physical barriers are considered part of innate immunity

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4
Q

What are the 3 ways to prevent microbes from crossing skin/epithelial barrier

A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Chemical
  3. Microbiological
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5
Q

How does mechanical prevent microbes from entering

A
  1. Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions (skin barrier)
  2. Flow of fluid and mucus
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6
Q

How does chemical prevent microbes from entering

A
  1. Acids
  2. lysozymes
  3. Acidity
  4. Low pH
  5. ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES (DEFENSINS)
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7
Q

How does microbiological prevent microbes from entering

A

Uses the normal flora

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8
Q

What is complement?

A

A system of proteins made by the liver that help innate immunity

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9
Q

What is used to recognize pathogens?

A

Soluble proteins
-Pathways of complement activation

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10
Q

What are the 3 pathways of complement activation

A
  1. Alternative Pathway
  2. Lectin Pathway
  3. Classical Pathway
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11
Q

Which pathway is the first to act in complement activation?

A

Alternative

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12
Q

Which is the last pathway to act?

A

Classical

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13
Q

Why is it the classical pathway the slowest to be activated?

A

The classical pathway uses antibodies, and antibodies come from adaptive immunity
-Adaptive immunity has a slow response

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14
Q

What is the alternative pathway?

A

Chemical surface that activates when pathogen reaches surface

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15
Q

What is the Lectin pathway?

A

Mannose-binding lectin binds to pathogen surface

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16
Q

What is the Classical pathway?

A

C-reactive protein/antibody binds to specific antigen on pathogen surface

17
Q

What does each pathway lead to?

A

Each pathway leads to complement activation (antibody + pathogen) & cleaves C3 into C3a and C3b
-C3b binds to pathogen

18
Q

What does C3a & C5a path result in?

A

ALARM
-recruitment of inflammatory cells

19
Q

What does C3b pathway lead to

A

DESTROY
-Opsonization of pathogens

20
Q

What does C5b pathway lead to?

A

DESTROY
-Perforation of pathogen cell membranes

21
Q

What happens when C3 gets cleaved?

A

C3 turns into C3a and C3b
-C3a recruits phagocytes
-C3b binds to bacterium/pathogen

22
Q

What happens when C3b binds to bacterium/pathogen?

A

When C3b binds to bacterium/pathogen, C5 cleaves into C5a and C5b

23
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Pathogen is marked for phagocytosis
-opsonin enhances this

24
Q

What can recruit immune cells and how?

A

C3a and C5a by increasing vascular permeability

25
What is inflammation characterized by?
1. Heat 2. Redness 3. Swelling 4. Pain
26
Why is there heat and redness in inflamation?
-C3a and C5a increrase vascular permeability which means more blood can flow into the vessels which causes heat & redness
27
What causes swelling and pain in inflammation?
More plasma proteins enter the cell casuing crowding which leads to pain and swelling
28
Which cells mediate innate responses?
1. Neutrophils-->bomb 2. Macrophages-->Collector 3. Dendritic cells (most powerful)-->Detective 4. Natural killer cells-->Border Patrol
29
What is LPS recognized by?
TLR4
30
What does RIG-I recognize?
double stranded RNA
31
What are the membrane associated receptors?
TLRs
32
What are the cytosolic receptors?
-Nod-like receptors -CARD-family receptors
33
What does cGas recognize?
cytoplasmic DNA
34
What does IKK protein kinase lead to?
IKK phosphorylates transcription factors that degrade NFkB inhibitor which lets it go into nucleus and make cytokines and chemokines
35
What does TBK1 protein kinase lead to?
Phosphorylates IRF3 which leads to type 1 interferons: IFN alpha and beta
36
What is the adaptor, protein kinase, and product of TLR
-Myd88 or TRIF -IKK protein kinase -NFkB makes cytokines/chemokines (MyD88) -TRIF pathway phosphorylates RF3 to make type 1 interferons
37
What is the adaptor, protein kinase, and product of CARD/RIG-I?
-MAVS/IPS-1 -TBK1 -IRF3 -type 1 interferons
38
What is the adaptor, protein kinase, and product of cGAS
-STING -IKK or TBK1 -Chemokines/cytokines or interferons

BICD 140-Immunology (15 decks)

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