Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiopulm Test 1 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common cause of pulmonary congestion and edema

A

Heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Coronary artery disease is the second most common cause of _____

A

Cardiac muscle disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Scar formation at ischemic areas of the ventricle can cause

A

Poor compliance, decrease filling and decreased contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the main issue with arrhythmias?

A

Drop in cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is more life threatening? Supraventricular tachycardia or ventricular tachycardia

A

Ventricular tachycardia is life threatening.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The principle treatment of renal insufficiency (due to fluid overload) is to…

A

Reduce reabsorption of fluid at kidneys, maintain electrolyte balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

During severe renal insufficiency, you will see Azotemia which is….

A

High blood content of nitrogen compounds such as

Urea

Creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

During severe renal insufficiency, what happens in regard to BUN and Sympathetic nervous system activity

A

Increased BUN

Increased sympathetic nervous system activity to increase BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three types of cardiomyopathies

A

Dilated

Hypertrophic

Restrictive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a primary cause of cardiomyopathy

A

Idiopathic mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a secondary cause of cardiomyopathy

A

Prolonged HTN

Metabolic Disorder

heart valve problems

Arrhythmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is HFrEF and what is the cause

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction

Due to metabolic problems, toxicity from alcohol abuse, infections, genetic predisposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When you have dilated cardiomyopathy how is the left ventricular end-diastolic volume effected

A

Increased

Note: impaired frank starling mechanism, reduced contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathies

A

Mainly a diastolic issue. From an enlarged heart. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Muscle cells are disorganized, inefficient pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

During hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, you have increased pressure in the….

A

Left atrium, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary capillaries

(Increased left end diastolic volume)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What kind of cardiomyopathies are common in young athletes

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When you have a heart valve abnormality how can it effect the Cardiac muscles

A

It produces Cardiac muscle disease due to impaired relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mitral valve incompetency dilates the _____

A

Left atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tricuspid valve incompetency dilates the _____

A

Right atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Aortic valve incompetency dilates the ______

A

Left ventrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pulmonic valve incompetency dilates the _______

A

Right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is idiopathic/primary pulmonary hypertension

A

MPAP > 20mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

If pulse pressure is below 40-60 what is likely?

A

Heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

For every unit of blood transfused, what is the recommended rest period

A

30 minutes of rest b4 activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Heart failure primarily effects what kind of skeletal muscle fibers

A

Type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

If a patient has elevated troponin or elevated creatinine kinase are they safe to get up from bed?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does an ST segment elevation indicate?

A

A myocardial infarction, or maybe the electrodes are not on the patient well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Arrthmyas cause a _____ in cardiac output

A

reduction

29
Q

True or false: If the heart rate is too slow OR too fast, cardiac output drops

A

True

Too fast does not allow for proper filling

30
Q

True or false: arrythmias can only take place in SA node

A

False, they can happen to any part of the conduction system

31
Q

What is supraventricular tachycardia

A

Arrythmia where the atria is contracting too fast

32
Q

What electrolytes are important in an arrythmia

A

Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
Chloride

33
Q

What can dehydration cause in regards to electrolytes

A

Increased sodium

Increased risk of an arrythmia

34
Q

True or false: High OR low potassium is a problem that can cause arrythmias

A

True

35
Q

If the heart cannot pump enough blood to kidneys what happens?

A

GFR rate drops, reduction in renin

36
Q

What is renin?

A

Enzyme produced in kidneys that converts angiotensin to angiotensin 1 - > angiotensin 2 -> signals adrenal cortex to release aldosterone -> causes kidney to reabsorb sodium and water

37
Q

How can renal insufficiency cause cardiac issues?

A

too much fluid/ blood volume

38
Q

What is the main issue with diuretic medication

A

produces release of sodium and potassium which leads to electrolyte imbalances

39
Q

If someone is taking diuretics, what should you pay attention to prior to getting the patient up?

A

Electrolyte balance

40
Q

What is cardiomyopathy?

A

Disease of heart muscle

41
Q

Cardiomyopathy can cause difficulty for the heart to contract OR it can cause difficulty ______

A

for the heart to relax

42
Q

Drug use can cause ______ cardiomyopathy

A

secondary

43
Q

Frank-Starling Law states that

A

the stroke volume of the left ventricle will increase as the left ventricular volume increases due to the myocyte stretch causing a more forceful systolic contraction

44
Q

If VO2 falls below a critical level then serum lactate levels will _____

A

Increase

45
Q

As one exercises, bloodflow is not only increased to the muscles, but also to the ____ to promote cooling

A

skin

46
Q

What is V/Q ratio? What is the ratio in the upper and lower part of the lung?

A

Ventilation/Perfusion

1:1 is ideal

The ratio is higher in the upper lung and lower in the lower lung. Lower lung has more perfusion and upper lung has more ventilation.

The average V/Q ratio for the whole lung is 0.8

47
Q

What VQ ratio is considered deadspace

A

An infinite V/Q ratio with all ventilation and no perfusion

example of deadspace: Trachea ( upper airway) all ventilation but no perfusion

48
Q

Often times you can correct a low V/Q ratio with supplementary _____

A

Oxygen

49
Q

The upper lung typically has ____ V/Q ratio than the lower part of the lung

A

Higher

50
Q

Is any shunting or deadspace expected to take place at the level of the alveoli

A

NO, the V/Q ratio should always be close to 1 at the alveoli (unless there’s an abnormal blockage of the airway or perfusion)

Note: for V:Q ratio

Shunting: Ratio is 0

Deadspace = Ratio is infinite

51
Q

The __________ part of the lung shunts blood to other parts

the ____ part is a physiological deadspace

A

Lower part

Upper Part (apices)

52
Q

_____ arteries have more elastic property to accomadate high blood pressure

____ arteries have more smooth muscle to allow for vasodilation and vasoconstriction

A

Larger

Smaller

53
Q

What happens to the vessels in the lungs when the oxygenation in the blood decreases

A

Reflexive vasoconstriction

54
Q

What is BNP enzyme?

A

Enzyme that is produced by atria or ventricles when they are stretched

More stretch= more BNP

Enzyme is monitored in patients with heart failure

55
Q

What do high BNP levels mean

A

More serious heart failure

56
Q

What does a swan-ganz catheter measure

A

Right sided/pulmonary artery pressure

57
Q

Congestive heart failure happens in what percentage of adults over 40?

A

20%

58
Q

Congestive heart failure happens in what percent of adults over 85

A

65.2%

59
Q

A full blockage of a coronary artery will cause an ST segment ________ and a myocardial infarction, whereas a partial blockage of a coronary artery will appear as an ST segment ________

A

Partial blockage: depression

Complete blockage: elevation

60
Q

Identify

A

ST segment depression

61
Q

Identify

A

ST segment elevation

62
Q

stable angina

A

chest discomfort or anginal equivalent that is provoked with exertion and alleviated at rest

63
Q

Atrial flutter

A

Myocardia in the atria let off signals that make the atria contract rapidly (but with a regular rythm

64
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

the lower heart chambers contract in a very rapid and uncoordinated manner. As a result, the heart doesn’t pump blood to the rest of the body.

65
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

Afib stands for atrial fibrillation (AF), which is a type of arrhythmia, or abnormal heartbeat. Afib is caused by extremely fast and irregular beats from the upper chambers of the heart

Note: different than atrial flutter because it’s irregular

66
Q

The liver releases _______ in response to low blood pressure or adverse changes in sodium

The kidneys produce _______ which helps make the ___________

A

Angiotensin

Renin

Angiotensin 1

67
Q

The lungs release ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) which turns angiotensin 1 into….

A

Angiotensin 2

Note: angiotensin 2 causes vasoconstriction by decreasing nitric oxide synthesis ( a vaso dialator)

68
Q

Angiotensin 2 causes the release of aldosterone which promotes..

A

Sodium and water retention

Note: combined with the vasoconstriction effect of angiotensin 2, this raises blood pressure

When the kidney senses raised blood pressure, it reduces the reduction of Renin to stop more angiotensin 2 from being released

69
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

enough fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac compressing the heart and leading to a decrease in cardiac output and shock

Cardiopulm Test 1 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions