Lecture 2

Question 1

vaccination is the process of

Answer 1

the inoculation of healthy individuals with weakened or attenuated forms of live strains of a disease-causing agent

Question 2

serum from animals immune to _____ and ______ provided anti-toxic activity that conferred ________ protection against these toxins in people.

Answer 2

diphtheria, tetanus, short-term

Question 3

proteins called ________ that bind the toxin to _______ activity

Answer 3

antibodies, neutralize

Question 4

antibodies can be induced against a vast range of substances called ______, which began our understanding of _______ immunity

Answer 4

antigen, adaptive

Question 5

_______ engulf microorganisms in a process known as _________ as part of __________ immunity in order to stimulate _________ immune response

Answer 5

macrophages, phagocytosis, innate, adaptive

Question 6

All cells of the blood come from

Answer 6

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

Question 7

What cells are innate lymphoid cells?

Answer 7

Natural Killer cell, innate lymphoid cell

Question 8

Name the granulocytes

Answer 8

eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

Question 9

macrophages are descended from

Answer 9

monocytes

Question 10

What is a pathogen?

Answer 10

causes disease, is foreign, and has a live stage

Question 11

What is the first defense of the immune system?

Answer 11

anatomic barriers (skin, oral mucosa, respiratory epithelium, intestine)

Question 12

______ make up pus

Answer 12

neutrophils (granulocytes)

Question 13

______ are common patterns of pathogens that can be recognized by your innate immune system

Answer 13

PAMPs

Question 14

What are examples of PAMPs?

Answer 14

lipopolysaccharides, ATP, urate crystals, dsRNA

Question 15

Which cells have PRRs to recognize between self and non-self?

Answer 15

Sensor cells (macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells)

Question 16

______ are proteins that affect immune cells

Answer 16

cytokines

Question 17

Which cells activate the adaptive immune response?

Answer 17

dendritic cells

Question 18

What are the hallmarks of inflammation?

Answer 18

swelling, redness, pain, and heat

Question 19

Where do APCs activate lymphocytes?

Answer 19

draining lymph nodes

Question 20

The last stage of the immune response is

Answer 20

immunological memory

Question 21

________ comprise the host microbiome which protects against pathogens

Answer 21

commensal organisms

Question 22

The ____ lineage comprises most cells of the innate immune system

Answer 22

myeloid

Question 23

A _______ is a chemical attractant secreted by immune cells

Answer 23

chemokine

Question 24

________ contain histamine and involved in allergic response

Answer 24

mast cells

Question 25

which cells have a polymorphic nucleus and are short-lived and very numerous in the blood?

Answer 25

neutrophil

Question 26

______ bridge the gap between innate and adaptive immunity

Answer 26

dendritic cells

Question 27

_______ and _______ are inflammatory mediators released by macrophages that attract cells cruising by in the blood

Answer 27

cytokines and chemokines

Question 28

endothelial cells change in response to cytokines in which ways

Answer 28

- vasodilation (increased, slow blood flow) -increased vascular permeability - adhesion molecules to stick leukocytes cruising by

Question 29

Pain is produced during inflammation by

Answer 29

inflammatory mediators

Question 30

______ are innate lymphoid cells that can recognize and kill abnormal cells

Answer 30

NK cells

Question 31

NK cells lack

Answer 31

antigen-specific receptors

Question 32

adaptive immunity has a ________ and _______ response

Answer 32

humoral and cell-mediated

Question 33

Antigen receptor genes are generated by

Answer 33

gene rearrangement of incomplete receptor gene segments

Question 34

activated lymphocytes give rise to

Answer 34

effector cell clones

Question 35

What happens to self-reactive receptors in lymphocytes during development?

Answer 35

eliminated in thymus

Question 36

B cells mature in ______ and T cells mature in _______

Answer 36

bone marrow, thymus

Question 37

activated lymphocytes will

Answer 37

proliferate in the peripheral lymphoid organ, generate effector cells and immunological memory

Question 38

lymphocytes are activated by

Answer 38

antigens

Question 39

B cells differentiate into

Answer 39

plasma cells

Question 40

plasma cells secrete

Answer 40

antibodies

Question 41

What are the two types of T cells

Answer 41

helper (4) and cytotoxic (8)

Question 42

Describe structure of antibody

Answer 42

light chain vs heavy chain Fc (constant - 5 different isotypes) variable region (where antigen binds)

Question 43

B cells usually bind epitopes that are

Answer 43

on the external surface (whole folded protein)

Question 44

T cells bind epitopes that are

Answer 44

deep in antigens and chopped up by innate cells

Question 45

A ______ lymphocyte hasn't bound an antigen

Answer 45

naive

Question 46

An early lymphocyte gives rise to a large number of lymphocytes with _______

Answer 46

distinct antigen receptors

Question 47

In order to allow for self tolerance, lymphocytes that bind ________ are deleted

Answer 47

ubiquitous self antigens

Question 48

What activates a mature naive lymphocyte to divide?

Answer 48

foreign antigen interaction

Question 49

blast

Answer 49

cells that are multiplying

Question 50

clonal expansion

Answer 50

gives rise to clones of identical progeny that bind to the same antigen

Question 51

What is the lag phase?

Answer 51

It is the time during the first exposure to an antigen where the innate immune system is working to respond and recruit lymphocytes to start the active immune response

Question 52

Why do we give boosters after initial vaccine?

Answer 52

enhanced secondary response (immunological memory)

Question 53

the secondary response is

Answer 53

rapid, intense, more effective/pronounced only applies to the same antigen, not a new one