Lecture 3 Flashcards by Jackie Holden

immediate immunity is recognition by ___________

non-specific/broadly specific effector cells

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_________ involves recruitment of effector cells

early induced innate response

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innate immunity involves the ____ phases of the immune response

first two

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_________ form specialized barriers that provide innate defenses

epithelial cells

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How does the skin provide defense?

Multiple layers that grow outwards and shed
differentiated keratinocytes produce beta-defensins

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Differentiated keratinocytes produce _______ in lamellar bodies that are secreted into _________

beta-defensins, extracellular space

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the _____ in the lung help to push mucus along and flush out microbes

cilia

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_____ cells in the intestines produce an antimicrobial protein _________

Paneth,
alpha-defensins

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the ________ is the hybrid between innate and adaptive response

dendritic cell

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virtually all pathogens have an _______ phase

extracellular

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What protective immunity exists in interstitial spaces, blood, and lymph?

complement, phagocytosis, antibodies

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Where do antimicrobial peptides and antibodies, especially IgA act?

epithelial surfaces (extracellular)

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What protective immunity exists for pathogens in the cytoplasm?

NK cells and cytotoxic T cells

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Activation of macrophages by _____ or _____ can induce macrophages to kill _____ without killing the host

NK cells, helper T cells, pathogens living within vesicles

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IFN activates _____ response on _____

antiviral response, its own/nearby receptors

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Which pathways does IFN act on?

PKR kinase, OAS synthetase, Mx proteins, ADAR, NOS

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Viral mRNA translation is inhibited by ____

PKR kinase

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OAS synthetase will ____ viral mRNA

degrade

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The ADAR pathway will ____ viral mRNA

edit to deaminate adenosine to inosine

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Mx proteins induce resistance to ___________

viral replication

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_____ will increase MHC class I expression in all cells

IFN alpha and beta

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Which cells does IFN activate?

macrophage, dendritic, NK

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What are the direct mechanisms pathogens use to damage tissue?

exotoxin, endotoxin, direct cytopathic effect

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What are examples of diseases that result from exotoxins?

tetanus, diptheria, tonsilitis, cholera, food poisoning

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What is an example of a disease that results from endotoxin?

sepsis, plague, dysentery, typhoid fever, pneumonia, meningitis

What are examples of diseases with direct cytopathic effect?

chickenpox, small pox, polio, measles, influenza, cold sores

What are indirect mechanisms of tissue damage by pathogens?

immune complexes, anti-host antibody, cell-mediated immunity

immune complexes are activated by _______ and deposit in the _______

complement induced inflammation, kidney

In _______, antigens disguise themselves as similar to the host, and the large volume of antibody titers created may attack ____ cells. An example is _____.

anti-host antibody, host, rheumatic fever

In cell-mediated immunity, the pathogen will change molecule on cell surface so that it will be attacked by _____

NK cell

Which branch of the immune system can discriminate between closely related molecular structures?

innate and adaptive

TLR2:TLR6

diacyl lipopeptides

TLR1:TLR2

triacyl lipopeptides

TLR5

flagellin

TLR4

(plus MD-2) LPS

TLR3

dsRNA (intracellular)

TLR7

ssRNA (intracellular)

TLR8

ssRNA (intracellular)

TLR9

unmethylated CpG motif

How many TLR are there in humans?

10 but the function of TLR10 is unknown

Which TLRs are located intracellularly?

3, 7, 8, 9

5 important families of cytokines/chemokines produced by macrophages

IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, CXCL8, IL-12

What are the local effects of IL-1beta?

activate vascular endothelium, activates lymphocytes, destruction of local tissues, increases access of effector cells

What are the systemic effects of IL-1beta?

fever, production of IL-6

Local effects of TNF-alpha

activates vascular endothelium, increases vascular permeability, leads to increased entry of IgG, complement, and cells to tissues and increased fluid drainage to lymph nodes

Systemic effects of TNF-alpha

fever, mobilization of metabolites, shock

Local effects of IL-6

lymphocyte activation, increased antibody production

Systemic effects of IL-6

fever, acute-phase protein production

Local effects of CXCL8

chemotactic factor recuits neutrophils, basophils, and T cells to the site of infection

Local effects of IL-12

activates NK cells, induces differentiation of CD4 T cells into TH1 cells

chemokines act on _____ receptors

G protein coupled

Selectins are proteins on activated endothelium that ______

bind carbohydrates, initiate leukocyte-endothelial interactions

Integrins are proteins on ______ that _______

leukocytes; bind to cell adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix. Strong adhesion

How does normal flora, local chemical factors, and phagocytes protect against infection?

prevents adherence to epithelium

What protections exist for local infections when the epithelium has been penetrated?

wound healing induced AMPs, complement system, phagocytes

_____ serves as a physical barrier to stop the spread of local infection

blood clotting

At what stage in infection do dendritic cells migrate to lymph nodes to initiate adaptive immunity?

During local infection of tissue

What are the four steps in cell migration from the blood to the tissue?

Rolling adhesion, tight binding, diapedesis, and migration

_____ make up the first wave of cells that cross the blood vessel wall to enter an inflamed tissue

neutrophils

_____-mediated adhesion is weak

selectin

P-selectin is induced by ______ and will bind to ________ on leukocytes to initiate rolling adhesion

B4, C5a, histamine, TNF-alpha, or LPS; leukocyte sialyl LewisX

Leukocyte integrins ____ and _____ will tighten binding with _____ and _____ on endothelium

LFA-1, CR3, ICAM-1, ICAM-2

Diapedesis is mediated by ____, ____, ____, and ____

LFA-1, CR3, PECAM, and CD31

Chemokines _____ and _______ facilitate the fourth step of migration into tissue

CXCL8 and CCCL2

the _____ immune response results in inflammation

innate

______ are proteins that bind sugar residues. Ex: _____ and _____

Lectins; dectin-1 and mannose

Class A ________ recognize poylanionic sequences of many types

scavenger receptors

______ recognizes and internalizes lipids

CD36

Complement receptors internalize ________

complement-coated bacteria

What happens to internalized phagosomes?

fusion with lysosomes to form acidified phagolysosomes

Where does breakdown by acid hydrolases occur?

In phagolysosomes

_____ and _____ are GPR involved in respiratory burst

C5a and fMPL

____ induced assembly of NADPH oxidase

Rac2

Bacterial _____ activates Rac2

fMPL

NADPH oxidase aka ______, leads to a ______ with transient increase in oxygen consumption

phagocyte oxidase; respiratory burst

Antimicrobial mechanisms of phagocytes

acidification, toxic oxygen derived products, toxic nitrogen oxides, AMPs, enzymes, competitors

Cytokines produced by _____ cause _______ of the local blood vessels

macrophages; dilation

Leukocytes move to the ______ as a result of increased expression of adhesion molecules by the _______

periphery; endothelium

________ are dendritic cells of the skin

Langerhans cells

_____ engagement causes maturation of DC

TLR4 and CD14

Once DCs are fully active they become attracted to ______ in the _____

chemokines; lymph nodes

_____ and _____ are costimulatory molecules that are important in interacting with adaptive immune response

CD80 and CD86

Within lymph nodes DC upregulate ___, ____, and _____ expression

CD80, CD86, and MHC molecules

immature dendritic cells are resident in _______

tissue

Where do DCs mature?

Mature as they migrate through lymphatics

Mature _______ activate ______ T cells

DCs; naive

Lymph nodes exist at _______ lymphatics

converging

______ lymphatics drain fluid and carry antigen presenting cells

Afferent

Where are B cells located in lymph nodes?

follicles

Where are T cells located in lymph nodes

parafollicular region and paracortex

What occurs in germinal centers?

B cells undergo intense proliferation