Lecture 4

Question 1

IL-1 beta activates vascular endothelium to _________

Answer 1

make WBCs come to the site of infection

Question 2

_____ is vascular collapse (drop in bp)

Answer 2

shock

Question 3

fever results from IL-6 activating _____ or from _______ from bacterial cell wall breakdown

Answer 3

hypothalamus; endotoxin

Question 4

______ activates key pro inflammatory cytokines

Answer 4

IL-1beta

Question 5

____ is the starting point for inflammation

Answer 5

IL-1beta

Question 6

_____ loosens adhesions between epithelial cells

Answer 6

TNF-alpha

Question 7

____ results in shock

Answer 7

TNF-alpha

Question 8

Which cytokines activate lymphocytes?

Answer 8

IL-1beta and IL-6

Question 9

Which cytokines have systemic effects?

Answer 9

IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha

Question 10

CXCL8 is a chemokine that binds to ___ or ____

Answer 10

CXCR1 or CXCR2

Question 11

CXCL8 is produced by

Answer 11

macrophages, monocytes, fibroblasts, epithelial cells, endothelial cells

Question 12

______ and ______ are attracted to CXCL8

Answer 12

neutrophils and naive T cellsC

Question 13

the major effects of CXCL8 are

Answer 13

mobilize, activate and degranulate neutrophils, angiogenesis

Question 14

____ competes with HIV-1

Answer 14

CCL4

Question 15

_____ bind sugar

Answer 15

Lectins

Question 16

CD

Answer 16

cluster differentation

Question 17

PECAM

Answer 17

immunoglobin superfamily binds to CD31

Question 18

LFA-1 binds to

Answer 18

ICAMs

Question 19

CR3 binds to

Answer 19

ICAM1

Question 19

integrins are ______ (structure)

Answer 19

heterodimers

Question 20

Selectins, integrins, and immunoglobin superfamilies are ________ molecules

Answer 20

adhesion

Question 21

LFA-1 and CR3 are _____ present on neutrophils

Answer 21

always

Question 22

ICAMs are present on _______

Answer 22

activated endothelium

Question 23

Rolling adhesion is initiated by

Answer 23

vasodilation and increased permability

Question 24

______ weakly binds sugar sialyl LewisX

Answer 24

E-selectin

Question 25

Endothelium activates during _____

Answer 25

tight binding

Question 26

______ is the squeezing between endothelial cells

Answer 26

diapedesis

Question 27

sepsis can be categorized by a ___ amount of neutrophils in the blood

Answer 27

low (aka neutropenia)

Question 28

High levels of TNF-alpha can trigger _____ via _____

Answer 28

sepsis; systemic edema, decreased blood volume, and collapse of vessels

Question 29

A consequence of shock is ____

Answer 29

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Question 30

liver releases ______ which result in activation of complement and opsonization

Answer 30

acute phase proteins

Question 31

IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 affect the following organs/tissues:

Answer 31

liver, hypothalamus, bone marrow endothelium, fat, muscle, and DCs

Question 32

increased body temperature will result in:

Answer 32

decreased viral/bacterial replication, increased antigen processing, increased specific immune response

Question 33

Activation of bone marrow endothelium by cytokines will result in _____ by way of _______

Answer 33

phagocytosis; neutrophil mobilization

Question 34

TNF-alpha stimulates dendritic cells to _______

Answer 34

migrate to lymph nodes and mature, initiating adaptive immune response

Question 35

_____ is initiated by acute phase proteins from the liver

Answer 35

complement cascade

Question 36

Examples of acute phase proteins

Answer 36

C reactive protein, serum amyloid protein, fibrinogen, mannose-binding lectin, SP-A, SP-D

Question 37

_____ binds phosphocholine on bacterial surface, acting as _____ and activating ______

Answer 37

C reactive protein; opsonin; complement

Question 38

______ bacteria is a coat to allow them to be taken up better by phagocytosis

Answer 38

opsonizing

Question 39

________ binds mannose residues on bacterial surface to _____ and activate _______

Answer 39

manose-binding lectin; opsonize; complement

Question 40

_____ immunity is interferon alpha and beta

Answer 40

type 1

Question 41

type 2 immunity is ____

Answer 41

IFN gamma, NK, adaptive immunity

Question 42

purpose of type 1 IFNs is to

Answer 42

stop neighboring cells from being infected

Question 43

______ is made by a viral infected cell

Answer 43

type 1 IFN

Question 44

IFN alpha and beta stimulate transcription of ___

Answer 44

ISGs (interferon stimuating genes)

Question 45

type 1 IFN results in ______

Answer 45

resistance to viral replication via Mx proteins, PKR kinase, OAS synthetase (2-5 linked adenosine oligomers), increased MHC class I expression, activate dendritic cells and macrophages, activate NK cells, induce chemokines

Question 46

____ inhibits translation initiation by phosphorylating ___

Answer 46

PKR kinase; eIF-2

Question 47

Mx protein is a ____ that target viral nucleocapsids and ______

Answer 47

GTPase; inhibit RNA synthesis

Question 48

______ edits ds RNA by deaminating adenosine to inosine

Answer 48

ADAR

Question 49

_____ is an ISG that is activated by dsRNA and transforms ATP to 2'-5' oligo adenylate

Answer 49

OAS synthetase

Question 50

2'-5' adenosine oligomer activates _____ which may have the side effect of _____

Answer 50

RNaseL; apoptosis (chops up RNA)

Question 51

_____ will shut down neighboring cells while T cells are being recruited

Answer 51

type 1 interferons

Question 52

NK cells are ____, but they work like ______

Answer 52

innate; T cells

Question 53

NK cells have an _______ receptor that binds to MHC class I on host cells

Answer 53

inhibitory

Question 54

Virus infected cells have ____ MHC class I expression

Answer 54

decreased or damaged

Question 55

Without _____ NK cells will release granules and death signals to a cell

Answer 55

MHC Class I inhibition signal

Question 56

Some viral proteins ____ MHC class I

Answer 56

destroy