Lecture 2

Question 1

3 Characteristics of

Answer 1

1) Water is polar
2) Molecules associate with each other via H bonds
3) Other polar molecules can interact with the dipoles

Question 2

What is special about oxygen?

Answer 2

It is the most strongly electronegative atom, gains electrons

Question 3

2 Characteristics of Covalent Bonding

Answer 3

1) Electrons are shared

2) Strong Bond

Question 4

2 Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

Answer 4

1) Electrons sit ont he most electronegative atoms

2) Strong bond

Question 5

2 Characteristics of Hydrogen Bonding

Answer 5

1) Electrons from H is shared below molecules

2) Weak bond

Question 6

2 Characteristics of Van der Waals Bonding

Answer 6

1) Transient charge interaction

2) Weak Bond

Question 7

4 Macromolecules

Answer 7

1) Sugars
2) Fats
3) Nucleic Acid
4) Proteins

Question 8

3 Reasons Why Carbon is Bankbone of life

Answer 8

1) Can bond to 4 other Atoms
2) Can bond to other C
3) Can form double and triple bonds

Question 9

2 Reasons why life is Carbon based

Answer 9

1) Allows for a vast diversity in molecule types

2) Extensibility of Carbon chaines (C-C) allows formation of macromolecules

Question 10

Monomer

Answer 10

A single sub-unit or building block of a macromolecule / polymer

Question 11

Polymer

Answer 11

A chain of monomers consisting of similar or identical sub units
eg. Amino Acids

Question 12

Synthesis of Polymers

Answer 12

When a monomer is added to a growing polymer

• Requires energy and releases water
  eg. DNA Replication, Protein translation

Question 13

Breakdown of Polymers

Answer 13

• Cleavage of covalent bonds that hold polymers together

- Often spontaneous, but slow ,releases energy

Question 14

Function of Carbohydrates

Answer 14

Energy storage, Cell structure, cell-cell recognition

Question 15

Monomers of Carbohydrates

Answer 15

• Monosaccharides
• Multiples of carbon and water
  eg. Glicose
• Exist in linear and ring forms

Question 16

Disaccharides of Carbohydrates

Answer 16

• Formed by a covalent bond

- Called a glycosidic bond between to monosaccarides

Question 17

Polysaccharides

Answer 17

• Polymers of monosaccharides

Question 18

4 Examples of Polysaccharides

Answer 18

1) Starch
2) Cellulose
3) Glycogen
4) Chitin

Question 19

Starch & Function

Answer 19

• Nutritional Polysaccharide
• Function is energy storage in plants
• Polymer of glucose with alpha1-4 bond
• Branched and unbranched

Question 20

Cellulose

Answer 20

• Structural polysaccharide
• Functions and structure to plant cell wall
• Polymer of glucose with beta 1-4 glycoscidic bond

Question 21

Glycogen

Answer 21

- Nutritional polysaccharide found in animals
Functions as energy storage for animals
- Polymer of glucose
- Highly Branched
- Stored in muscle and liver

Question 22

Chitin

Answer 22

• Structural Polysaccharide

- When calcified it becomes insect exoskeleton

Question 23

Lipids / Fat

Classification & Function

Answer 23

• Classified as lipids because they are all hydrophobic
• Not true monomer / polymer
• Non-polar bonds

Question 24

4 Structures of Lipids

Answer 24

1) Fatty Acids
2) Fats
3) Phospholipids
4) Steroids

Question 25

Fatty Acids

Answer 25

- Chain of hydrogen and carbon, no dipoles - Non polar, because H and C have equal electronegativities - Hydrophobic

Question 26

Fats

Answer 26

- Storage form of energy in animals - 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol (3C) backbone - Can be saturated or unsaturated

Question 27

Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats

Answer 27

Saturated are solid at room temp and have no Carbon to Carbon double bond Unsaturated are liquid at room temp and contain carbon to carbon double bonds - Cause bend in chain

Question 28

Phospholipids Function and structure

Answer 28

- Function in cell membrane - 2 Hydrocarbon chain attached to glycerol with an associated phosphate group (PO4) - Phosphate head has negative charge - Polar and hydrophilic

Question 29

Steroids Structure

Answer 29

Lipids characterized by a cholesterol backbone | - Cholesterol = hydrocarbon with 4 fused rings

Question 30

Function of Steroids

Answer 30

1) Backbone of steroid hormones eg. Testosterone, estrogen 2) In animals, in plasma membrane to maintain fluidity

Question 31

Proteins

Answer 31

- Polymers of Amino acids | - 4 Categories

Question 32

Four Categories of Amino Acids

Answer 32

1) Non Polar 2) Polar Uncharged 3) Polar Charged Acidic 4) Polar Charged Basic

Question 33

Non Polar Amino Acids

Answer 33

R groups of Hydrogen and Carbon

Question 34

Polar Uncharged

Answer 34

R Groups with OH or SH group

Question 35

Polar Charged Acidic

Answer 35

R groups with COO-

Question 36

Polar Charged Basic

Answer 36

R group with NH3

Question 37

Structure of Proteins

Answer 37

- Functions in 3D but are synthesized as linear polypeptides