Midterm Review Flashcards by Graham Todd

Difference Between Archae and bacteria

archaea are knows as extremophile, and are larger then bacteria. They also don’t have glycogen in their cell walls.

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Hydroloysis vs Condensation Rections

Hydrolysis is the breaking of polymer chains by adding a water. Condensation reactions are formation of polymer chains by removing water

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Function of Carbohydrates

Energy storage, cell structure, and cell-cell regonition

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Monomers of carbohydrates

monosaccharides

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Bond type on Carbohydrates

glycosidic bonds

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classification of fats

3 Fatty acid chain, with glycerol backbone

- all hydrophobic

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difference between saturated vs unsaturated fat

saturated = solid at room temp, no carbon to carbon double bond

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Phospholipids characterstics

function in cell membrane
2 hc chains attached to hydrophilic phosphate head

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Properties of Steroids

Lipids characterized by a cholesterol backbone

- backbone of hormones

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Backbone of proteins

amino acids

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4 Categories of Proteins and their R groups

Non - polar - R group hydrogen or carbon
Polar Uncharged R groups with OH or SH Group
Polar charged acidic (-) R groups with coo-
Polar charged basic R group with nh3+

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Protein bond type

peptide bonds covalently linked

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Primary protein structure

dictates folding

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Secondary structure

forms alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

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Tertiary structure

folding

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Cholesterols function at temperatures

high it holds them together, low it keeps them seperated

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Function of Nucleus

Store DNA, site of transcription

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Function of Nucleoulis

Ribosoaml RNA transcription

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function of Nuclear envelope

Keep nucleoplasm away from cytoplasm

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What is a nucleosome

Histone octomer

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What is a solenoid

When nucleosomes stack, requiring histone H1

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1st Order of dna packaging

Dna wraps around histones

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2nd order of dan packagine

nucleosomes stack into solenoid

3rd order of dna packaging

30 nm fiber loops off a nouhistone protein scaffold

Function of rough er

translation of proteins

Function of smooth er

Drug detox, Ion storage, translation of phospholipieds

Funcction of golgi aparatus

receives and ships cargo to destinations within endomembrane system, packages them into vesicles

Function of medial layer in golfi

Sorts cargo according to a.a. tags in proteins

what is cis face

receiving face of golgi closest to er

Two models of golf trafficing

1) Cisternal Maturation | 2) Vessicle trafficing

Function of Lysosome

- Digests phagocytosized particles, digests macromolecules

what is tay sachs

when people lack an enzyme to degrade a lipid and it builds up in lysosome

three types of cytoskelton

microtubules, microfillaments, intermediate fillaments

Function & structure of microtubules

function: compression resistance, chromosome movement, vesicle trafficking structure: composed to tubulin dimers

What is a protofilament

tubuin dimers all polymerized

Associated motor protiens

proteins that change shape with ATP hydrolysis

Microtubule assoc motor proteins

Kinesin (+) end | Dynein (-) end

Microfillament structure and function

Structure: polymer of actin Function: tension resistnce, muscular contractions

Associated motor protein of microfillaments

myosin

intermediate filaments structure and functino

heterogenous structure many different sub units like keratin and laminin functions in tension resistance

Function of extracelular matrix

Cell-cell recognition | Connects cells over long distance

Structure of extracellular matrix

glycoproterins with collagen and fibronectin

where does cancer occur in

epithelial layer, caused by loss of connection to ecm

Three cell junctino

Tight junctions desmosomes Gap junctions

Tight junction functionn

Spot weld cells together, rivets them

Desmsome function

Connect cytoskeleton of adjacent cells via intermediate fillaments

Gap junctions

non selective transport between cells, large channel

How does a heart stay coordinated

using gap junctions and ca++

Define metabolism

all of an organisms chemical reactions

Anabolism vs Catabolism

Anabolism is building molecules and requires energy (ATP)

4 ways an enzyme lowers activation energy

1) Brings reactants closer together 2) Physically stressed bonds 3) Provides suitable micro environments 4) Hold substrates in approporiate orientations 5) May covalent bind and stabilize

Hydrolysis vs Condensation

condensation joins monomers and releases watson

Carboyhydrates store what for energy and what kind of structure

Gylcogen / start for storage | Cellulose for structure

What is a structural component of bacertial cell wall

carbohydrates

what is a peptide bond

found it proteins, a bond that covlentry joins amino acids in chains

what is protein folding mainly driven by

hydrophobic association

what is the difference between dna and rna

the type of sugar