Lecture 2 Flashcards
(17 cards)
1
Q
How do attitudes affect information processing?
A
- Determine what an individual thinks/does
- We use an open-minded information search strategy before we make a decision, but we become more selective after a decision is reached (Festinger) = become more selective in the information we seek after we have made a decision to confirm attitude
2
Q
What did Knobloch and Meng do?
A
- Measuring ppts towards issues toward issues - favourability and strength
- 6 weeks later - browsed magazine articles about some of the issues from session 1
- Found that people were more likely to read articles that were congruent to their view and spent more time to read those articles
- When you present people with an array of information, their attitudes influence what they want to see and process
3
Q
Do properties of our attitudes influence what we see when presented with info for a limited period of time?
A
- 54 trials with 6 attitude objects
- 3 were objects where ppt had a highly accessible attitude, 3 objects where ppt had less accessible attitude
- Accessibility is the strength of the attitude object and evaluation = valence is important = even if you hate it you notice it
- High accessibility objects were more noticed compared to low accessibility
4
Q
Can attitudes effect encoding? How people interpret information?
A
- Students from 2 rival universities watch clips of a football game between their universities = had to determine when a penalty must be taken and who committed it = one fouled, both see things as the opposite team fouling
- Students were shown news clips about the middle east = some students had pro-israeli/palestine and neutral
- Ppts were asked to think about their views
- Found pro-israelis saw the news clip as being biased against Israel, pro-Palestine saw the clip biased against Palestine, neutrals thought it was neutral
5
Q
What is the reverse correlation paradigm?
A
- Start with an average face, and add random visual noise, present pairs and ask to make a judgements - these traits are exacerbated
- How people think a member of a group looks like
- Cardiff uni students self-reported as liberal and had a classification image of a liberal/conservative
- Ppts completed the progressive value scale: looking at progressive versus traditional liberals
- 4 faces were generated: traditional liberal, progressive liberal = ingroup faces for liberal ppt
- Another group of ppts evaluate the faces and are naïve to how faces created - do people like ingroup features than outgroup and rate their groups are more intelligent etc.
- Ambivalence effects info processing
6
Q
How is memory effected by attitude?
A
- People are more likely to recall information that is attitude consistent
- Small congeniality effect of attitudes on memory
- Effect is larger when attitude issue was value-relevant = when issue is close to sense of self, we are more likely to remember attitude consistent info
7
Q
What was a study looking at attitude strength on ambivalence?
A
- Ppts read a strong/weak editorial that advocated increased immigration from Hong Kong
- Strong Low ambivalence = same favourability as weak low ambivalence, high ambivalence = Strong arguments = more favourable, when weak arguments = decrease in favourability
- When attitude is mixed, more motivated to process information
8
Q
Is there a relation between attitudes and behaviour?
A
- People’s behaviour toward a Chinese couple did not correspond to their attitudes regarding them
- Trying to get a table at a restaurant over 250 establishments, when visiting, they were refused service only once
- After they want, they would send questionnaires asking if they would serve an Asia couple, and the overwhelming answer was no
- No correspondence between behaviour and attitudes - method issues
- Across 42 studies, found little evidence of attitude-behaviour relations with an average of r= 0.15, later found that average was 0.38
9
Q
When is there a relation?
A
- Multiple-Act Criterion: correlation are stronger when an aggregate of behaviours are used as the measure of behaviour
- Principle of compatibility: attitudes and behaviours should be measured at compatible levels of specificity = Target, Action, Context, Time e.g asking question about attitude now and 3y later = different
- Attitude strength: attitude-behaviour relations are greater for strong rather than weak attitudes
- Individual differences: low-self-monitors value consistency between behaviour, high SMSs see themselves see themselves as flexible and adaptive, LSM show stronger attitude-behaviour correlations than HSMs.
10
Q
What was a study looking at env attitudes influencing their environmental behaviour?
A
- Measure of people’s attitudes
- Individual correlations with the values are not very strong, when you combine the behaviours and all the correlations = increases the correlation of the overall behavioural index
- e.g signing petitions on certain behaviours results in correlation of petitions, littering behaviours leads to correlations on litter, can combine both to create overall environmental stuff
11
Q
What are the effects of attitude accessibility?
A
- Looking at attitudes toward Reagan and Mondale in election
- Measured accessibility before and after the election, and asked who they voted for
- High correlation between attitudes and behaviour regardless of accessibility
- Correlation was even stronger for higher accessibility
2) Looked at how attitudes effect behaviour and how behaviour effects attitudes - Students provide env attitudes and asked about strength about their attitude
- Gave ppts 5 euros and can choose to donate to env causes, and then ppts were asked about their attitudes later
- Stronger attitudes predicted behaviour, and highly predictive of attitude after behaviour BUT once you have the attitude, the behaviour did not account for their attitude
- Whereas weak attitudes rely on behaviour to change attitude = make up an attitude influenced by an behaviour they have just done
12
Q
What is the Theory of Reasoned Action?
A
- Have an attitude = leads to intention
- Attitudes also lead to subjective norms which lead to intentions = behaviours
- e.g good to reduce waste, people important to me want me to reduce waste = I intend to reduce waste
13
Q
What is Theory of Planned Behaviour?
A
- Attitude includes subjective norms and perceived behavioural control = leads to intention and behaviour
- TPB compared to TRA: examined attitudes, norms, control, intentions, and behaviour for different behaviours that varied in degree of control
- R squared is higher in TPB = more variance in behaviour = more importance with Perceived behavioural control
- Attitudes tends to predict intentions more strongly than subjective norms
- Having ppts focus on private vs collective thoughts impacts how strongly attitudes and SN predict behaviour
14
Q
How to implement intentions?
A
- Planning
- Large effect size of performing an implementation intention
- Forming one helps create an opportunity to act = creates reinforcement leading to habit
15
Q
What is the MODE Model?
A
- Motivation & Opportunity as Determinants of Processing Mode
- Attitude accessibility influences likelihood of spontaneous attitude activation = ease of retrieval of attitude from memory
- Dual process model
- Is there high motivation/opportunity to process info? Yes = deliberate info processing, No = spontaneous info processing = accessible attitude? Yes = activated, no = not activated
16
Q
Looking at mode model and attitude accessibility?
A
- Exposed ppts to research studies supporting or opposing capital punishment
- Manipulated attitude accessibility and motivation (repeated expression and others seeing responses)
- Evaluations of articles were consistent with ppts attitude when their attitude was highly accessible and motivation was low
- Highly accessible attitude serves as a cue to bias perceptions
- When motivation is high, attitudes were not as highly correlated with evaluation of articles
17
Q
What is the composite model?
A
- Learned sequences of acts that have become automatic to specific cues and are obtaining certain goals or end states = habits
- Habits strongly predict decisions whether to take bike, bus, car or train to work
- Predicts behaviour above and beyond TPB constructs
