Lecture 7 Flashcards
(17 cards)
What are true inner views?
- Rationale for development
- Assess something different from explicit measures that allows prediction of deliberative behaviour, implicit allows a spontaneous behaviour prediction
- Implicit attitudes are not a measure of unconscious attitudes = can be influenced by contextual variables
What was a study looking at malleable IAT scores?
1) Ppts imagined a strong woman or holiday
- Completed a gender IAT using David/Diane and Durable/delicate
- Magnitude of IAT was smaller in the experimental group = can be malleable
2) Ppts will believe E will or will not examine their responses
- Ppts completed a sexuality IAT or explicit measure
- People were more likely to express negative attitudes on the private scale than the public
3) Forming implementations intentions about women and science reduced gender bias on an IAT measure
Can we predict our IAT scores?
- Ppts asked to predict their own IAT scores under varying instruction conditions
- Ppts predictions were much more accurate than one might have expected them to be
- Found despite low correlation between IAT responses and scores on explicit measures of attitudes
- Implicit measures are best seen as a complement to self-report measures not a replacement
What was a study looking at self-esteem with Implicit and explicit measures?
- Individuals on an explicit measure who claim a higher self esteem, but in IAT it is lower = more defensive self-esteem = show more ingroup bias
- Using both helps us predict behaviour
Do body movements impact attitudes?
1) Looking at flexing and contracting arm whilst viewing novel stimuli e.g characters they are familiar with like chinese symbols = more favourable attitude toward objects associated with flexing
2) Pos words categorised faster while flexing, neg words faster while contracting. Pos words categorised faster if moving toward us
What was the head nodding experiment?
- Ppts listened to persuasive arguments where some were told to shake head side to side or to nod = people were more positive when nodding
- Looked at with argument quality too and found nodding increased confidence in positive responses to strong arguments, and shaking causes people to doubt positive responses to the strong arguments
What are the studies looking at ambivalence?
1) Are people more likely to engage in side to side movement when feeling ambivalent?
- Have ppts complete study on Wii balance board and provided info on computer screen
- Ppts presented with info on issue: either supportive of both sides vs one side
- Ambivalent ppts show more movement across all phases of study
2) Does inducing movement increase ambivalence?
- Ppts engage in side to side/ up and down/ control
- Ppts who sway report greater ambivalence
What was a study looking at spatial orientation: left vs right?
- Asked ppts to draw a good animal and a bad animal in two boxes presented side-by-side
- Left handed ppts more likely to draw good animal on left, and right did opposite = people associate good with dominant hand
2) Ppts sat in chair that either leant to left/right and asked to evaluate democrats/republican parties - Matched with D when sat leaning left, and vice versa
How do we use our bodily states to infer our attitudes?
- Ppts see global warming as more serious on a warm day than a cold one = visceral fit
- These visceral effect translate to behaviour = donation to global warming charity increases on a hot day
What is alcohol myopia?
- Alcohol reduces cognitive capacity
- Only react to salient cues
What is a study looking at alcohol myopia?
- Drunk ppts will have less neg attitudes toward drink-driving but ONLY when the question involves a contingency
- e.g I will drink and drive at the next party vs short distance I would drive intoxicated
- Male ppts come to lab and randomly assigned to sober or drunk condition and while in desired state, complete attitude questions = found that when question was contingent, the attitudes and intentions are much higher
- Students who drive to the pub complete DV upon arrival at 8:30 or later, and were given breathalyser at 12:30
- Drunk ppts reported less negative attitudes but only for contingent items
What were the effects of alcohol on self-judgements of attractiveness?
- In E1 = drunk ppts rate themselves as more attractive
- In E2 = Ppts who thought they had consumed alcohol rated themselves as more attractive
- Boost in self-evaluations unrelated to others’ evaluations
Does caffeine increase argument strength effects?
- Caffeine increases cognitive processing
- Ppts get caffeine or placebo and received strong/weak message about euthanasia
- Higher attitude change with strong argument and caffeine = AND recalled more info from message
What is SCN?
- Social behaviour of motivated individuals
- Examines Cognitive mechanisms that rise to behaviour
- Neurological systems
- Using neuroscience to test theories regarding processes that underlie social behaviour
- Using fMRI, PET = location
MEG, EEG = time course
What is a study looking at why explicit memory is necessary?
- Explicit memory plays a role in models of behaviour induced attitude change e.g study where they can pick one object of two - dissonance study
- Use patients with anterograde amnesia, so if explicit memory is needed, AA should not exhibit the effect
- Patients and controls rank art prints and asked to pick from two, and then re-rank prints
- Amnesic and controls differed in memory for which prints were selected, only controls remembered behaviour but both groups showed equal attitude change
- Explicit memory is not needed
What was a study looking at alzheimers and attitude change?
- Compared early Alz patients to controls
- Asked people to provide their attitudes toward 22 objects, separated by one week
- Alz ppt showed strong ability to recall attitudes across time, greater impairment associated with less retention
- Alz ppts showed less change for neg compared to pos attitude objects = negativity effect
What was the study using fMRI and social groups?
- Focus on amygdala: looks at evaluative significance of stimuli - lack of startle in these with amygdala damage
- Explore activity with black/white faces and looking at racism
- White ppts shown unfamiliar B/W faces, they complete IAT, modern racism scale and startle response
- IAT shows preference for white and scale shows pro-black attitudes
- Amygdala activity correlated with implicit but not explicit indices of prejudice
- People exposed to a more diverse racial env showed a reduced amygdala response to familiar black faces
