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253 - anatomy > Lecture 2/3: Tissues > Flashcards

Lecture 2/3: Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What form can tissues be in (4)

A

TISSUES may be solid (bone), semi-solid (fat), soft (muscles, ligaments), or liquid (blood)

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2
Q

What are the 4 tissue types?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

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3
Q

What is the name of the embryonic connective tissue?

A

MESENCHYME

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4
Q

Name the 3 germ layers and what they are/function

A

Ectoderm=forms outer covering of the body and nervous tissue
Endoderm=forms lining of body and digestive tract
Mesoderm= forms everything else (bones,muscles, blood etc)

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5
Q

What are the 4 functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Protection (epidermis of skin)
Filtration (of nutrients)
secretion (release of hormones enzymes etc)
excretion (waste products)

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6
Q

What is one defining factor about epithelium tissue?

A

Closely packed cells with hardly any extracellular material between the cells

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7
Q

What are the two types of epithelium tissue (by location)

A

1) SURFACE EPITHELIUM: Lining and covering

2. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM: Secretory tissue in glands

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8
Q

True or false: Epithelium is considered AVASCULAR?

A

True

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9
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A 
The Basement Membrane is a non-cellular layer of materials which holds the epithelia to the underlying
connective tissue (and gives strength to the epithelium)
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10
Q

True or False: Epithelial Cells have a LOW ability to repair and divde?

A

false

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11
Q

What are the 2 surfaces of the the epithelium and where are they located?
BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY ON A DIAGRAM

A

1) APICAL (free) SURFACE: faces the body cavity, lumen, duct, etc.
2) BASAL SURFACE: deepest layer (attached to the Basement Membrane

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12
Q

What are the 2 layers of the basement membrane>?

A

1) Basal Lamina

2) Reticular lamina

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13
Q

What is the location of the basal lamina and what does it contain>

A

Closer to the basal surface (closer to the actual epithelial cells), contains laminum (glue) and collagen (strenght)

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14
Q

What is the location of the reticular lamina and what does it contain?

A

Closer to the connective tissue, contains collegen produced by connective tissue (fibroblasts)

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15
Q

Be able to label the apical (free surface), epithelial cells), basal surface, Basement membrane and the layers (basal and reticular) and the connective tissue

A

See diagram in slides

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16
Q

What are the 4 shapes of the epithelial cells and their descriptions>

A

Squamous: flat and thin
Cuboidal: square
Columnal: rectangular
Transitional: squamous and cuboid (ability to change shapes)

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17
Q

What are the 3 arrangement of layers of epithelial cells and their description?

A

Simple: single row of cells
Pseudostratified: Single row of cells with different overlapping sizes but all attached to the basement membrane
stratified: 2 or more rows of cells

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18
Q

How do we name the shape of epithelial cells if there are more than 1 type of shape?

A

Name based on the shape of the Apical layer (top layer)

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19
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium and where does it line?

A

function: allows for the rapid passage of substances through them
Lining: cardio and lymphatic

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20
Q

What are 2 examples of simple squamous epithelium

A

Endothelium:
Mesothelium:

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21
Q

What is the function of simple cuboid epithelium

A

Functions in secretion and absorption

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22
Q

what is the function of simple columnar epithelium and what are the two distinctions of them?

A

Functions in secretion and absorption and they can be ciliated or non-ciliated

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23
Q

Explain ciliated vs non ciliated

A

Ciliated: are hair like projections for filtration and helping move things along (seen in bronchioles etc)
Non-ciliated: do not have cilia (stomach, intestines etc.)

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24
Q

What is the fucntion of stratified squamous epithelium? and the two distinctions of them

A

protective layer, cells replace those lost due to friction (apical cells are further from blood and die)
They can either be keratinized SSE or non keratinzed SSE

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25
Q

Explain the difference btween keratinized vs non keratinized

A 
Keratinized SSE (contain protein KERATIN)
•  Tough and water resistant (epidermis)

Non-keratinized SSE do not contain keratin
found on wet surfaces subject to wear and tear
• Lining of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, covers tongue

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26
Q

What is the appearance of stratified transitional epithial and what are the main shapes?

A
  • Appearance is variable (transitional)

* Mostly cuboidal or columnar, with some squamous

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27
Q

Where do you find stratified transitional epithelial celle

A

Hollow organs (stomach, bladder, esophagus)

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28
Q

What are the two types of epithelial membranes?

A

MUCOUS MEMBRANES

SEROUS MEMBRANES

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29
Q

What is the function of a mucous membrane

A

Secrete mucous to keep linings moist (esophagus, stomouch, lungs)

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30
Q

True or False: Mucous Membranes always have access t to the exterior?

A

True

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31
Q

What is the function of a serous membrane and where do they mostly line

A

secrete fluid for lubrication (mostly line the body cavities in abdomen)

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32
Q

explain visceral and parietal layers of a serous membrane (fist in a balloon)

A

Visceral: Inner deepest level (closest to the fist)
Parietal: Outer level

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33
Q

What is the function of Glandular epithelium

A

SECRETION!

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34
Q

What are the two types of secretion in glandular epithelium?

A

Endocrine and Exocrine

35
Q

Explain exocrine secretion

A

If a gland (and its duct) retain connection to the epithelium then it is considered exo. Substances are secreted onto a surface/exterior

36
Q

Explain endocrine secretion

A

If a gland’s ducts lose contact with epithelium, they will secrete internally=ENDOCRINE GLANDS. Substances are secreted directly into the blood

37
Q

What do endocrine glands always secrete?

1) Urea
2) Hormones
3) Sweat
4) Waste

A

2) Hormones

38
Q

IS connective tissue vascular or avascular

A

highly vascular

39
Q

Name 3 functions of connective tissue

A

1) Supports and strengthens our other tissues
2) protects and insulates organs
3) Blood is a transport system

40
Q

What are 2 differences between connective and epithelalial tissue

A

1) Epithelial is avascular, connection is vascular
2) The epithelial cells are tightly packed leaving little room for extracellular material (contrast to connective tissue)

41
Q

What does the extracellular matrix consist of?

A

Protein fibers and ground substance

42
Q

Name two examples of structures of the extracellular matrix and their qualities?

A

Ex1) Cartilage: extracellular matrix is firm but pliable

Ex2) bone: extracellular matrix is hard and inflexible

43
Q

What are the two categories of connective tissue?

A

Loose or dense

44
Q

What forms can the ground substance be in?

A

fluid, semifluid,gelatinous, calcified

45
Q

What are the two main types of cells associated to conenctve tissue?

A

Fibroblasts and macrophages

46
Q

Explain fibroblasts

A
  • Large, flat cells with branching processes

* Form the fiber for strength and structure

47
Q

Explain macrophages and the two types

A

function: move through the matrix and engulf waste products and dead cells
can be fixed or wandering

48
Q

Name the 3 types of fibers in connective tissue

A

1) Collagenous
2) Elastic
3) reticular

49
Q

what is the fucntion of collagenous fibers?

A

Support

50
Q

What is the function of elastic fibers and what are they made of

A

Made of elastin
can be stretched
function in stregnth and stability

51
Q

Name some of the functions of reticular fibers?

A

form the basement membrane
provide support in blood vessel walls
form framework of organs/glands to which epithelial cells attach

52
Q

True or false: Reticular fibers do not form the basement membrane?

A

False

53
Q

What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar
Adipose
reticular

54
Q

What are the 3 types of dense connective tissue?

A

Dense regular CT
Dense Irregular CT
Elastic CT

55
Q

What is the main difference between dense and loose connective tissue

A

Dense has MUCH MORE collagen

56
Q

How can you distinguish dense regular ct

A

Collegen and fibroblasts arranged in regular/linear fasion

57
Q

What does dense regular ct form?

A

tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments

58
Q

What is an aponeurose and what does it link ?

A

Links to a muscle but does not attach to a bone (blends with fascia)
broad, flat tendon

59
Q

What does a tendon link

A

Bone and muscle

60
Q

What does a ligament link

A

Bone and Bone

61
Q

What is the main fucntion of dense regular CT

A

Provides strong attachment between structures

62
Q

How can you distinguish dense irregular Ct

A

Looks interwoved and irregularly arranged

63
Q

Where is dense irregular ct lfound

A

Found in periosteum (bone) and perichondrium (cartilage)

64
Q

True or false: Dense Irregular CT forms the fascia?

A

True

65
Q

What is the fucntion of elastic CT

A

Allows stretching of various organs

Elasticity – allows tissue to stretch and recoil to its original shape after being stretched

66
Q

Is cartilage Vascular or Avascular

A

Avascular

67
Q

Where does cartilage receive its nurtients

A

Capilary networks from the perichondrium and synovial fluid in a joint

68
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage

A

1) Hyaline
2) Fibrocartilage
3) Elastic

69
Q

True or false: Cartiglage (hyaline) is the precursor to bone?

A

True

70
Q

Where can you find Hyaline Cartilage?

A

End of long bones, anterior ribs, nose, trachea, larynx

71
Q

What is the MAIN purpose of fibrocartilage

A

COMPRESSION/SHOCK ABSORPTION

72
Q

Where can you find fibrocartilage

A

IN areas that support body weight (vertabrae, menisci of knee)

73
Q

Which is the only type of cartilage that lacks a perichondrum?

A

fibrocartilage

74
Q

What is the main purpose of elastic cartialge

A

Allows movement

75
Q

Where can you find elastic cartilage?

A

ear, larynx, eustachian tube

76
Q

What are the 4 main classifications of bones and explain them

A

LONG: longer than wide (humerous, ulna, clavicle, metacarples)
• SHORT: More cubic shape (carpals)
• FLAT: scapula, sternum
• IRREGULAR: does not fall into other categories (pelvic, vertebrae)

77
Q

Name some functions of the bone

A

Support
Protection
Acts as a lever (with muscles) for movement • Storage/Release area for minerals
Blood cell formation (RBCs)
Triglyceride storage (Yellow bone marrow)

78
Q

What are the two types of ossification and explain

A

Endochondral: Bones forms from replacement of hyaline cartilage (long bones)
Intramembranous: forms directly in the matrix (right away)(flat bones and skull)

79
Q

What is the shape of collagenous fibers, the colour, whtat is it made of and what is the function

A

Shape: Parallel bundles “steel cable”
Supportive function
COLLAGEN
white

80
Q

What is the shape of elastic fibers and colour, what is it made of and the function

A

Shape: Long cylindrical ribbon structure
function: elasticity, stretch and support
Yellow
Made of elastin, strengthed by surrounding fibrilin

81
Q

What is the shape, colour, function of reticular fibers

A

Arranged in fine bundles like cobwebs
neutral
provide support in walls of vessels, helps form the basement membrane, framework of organs and glands to which epithelial attaches to

82
Q

What is cartilage made up of?

A

A mixture of collagenous and elestic fibers in a gel like gorund substance

83
Q

What are the 3 elements that make up the skeletal system?

A

Bones
Cartilage
Joitns

253 - anatomy (14 decks)

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