Lecture 2 Flashcards
(27 cards)
Who’s model of memory ist he PL inovlved in ?
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
What are the two seperate sections of the phonological loop?
Phonological store and articulatory control process
What is the phonological store?
It can hold auditory information for about 2 seconds unless rehearsed. Items = registered as memory traces. limited capacity
What is the ACP?
Mechanism by which sub-vocal rehearsal of contents of the phonological store prevents decay
What explains the PL similarity effect?
Coding in the phonological store is down to how the word sounds (phonemes)
Two examples of the phonological similarity effect?
Conrad & HUll, 1964 + Baddeley (1966). Similar = harder than distinct
What about articulatory suppression means that the PL may not be the only basis of digit span?
Even when suppressing, PPS can remember 4/5 visuall presented digits
Stats for word length effect
90% for monosyllabic words, 50% for 5 syllables
Who showed the word length effect and what did they show?
BAddeley et al (1975) - ST recall of words decreases as word length increases. Can remeber roughly as many words as you can say in 2 seconds –> no of syllables and reading speed
What did Baddeley et al (2002) put the word length effect down to?
Both fogetting during rehearsal and the fact that longer words take longer to recall
Who put word lenggth effect down to forgetting during rehearsal and fact that longer words take longer to recall?
Baddeley et al (2002)
Fact about children and sub-vocal rehearsal
Gathercole & Adams (1994) –> children may not use sub-vocal rehearsal until age 7 as articulation rate does not correlate with span before that age
What is the unattended speech effect?
Performance on span tasks is impaired if items are accompanied by other (unattended) verbal material
Example of unattended speech effect
Colle & Welsh (1976) – immediate recall of digits is impaired if accompanied by German words even if instructed to ignore the words
Is the meaning of irrelevant materials in unattended speech effect important?
No - Salame & Baddeley - one/tun –> effect on recall of digit sequences = same
What about pure tones and the unattended speech effect?
Jones et al (1993) - even pure tones will disrupt performance if they flucutate in pitch
What hypothesis did Jones come up with regarding hte unattended speech effect
Jones et al 1993 – retention of serial order (verbal or visual) can be disrupted by irrelevant stimuli, provided they fluctuate over time
What conclusions can we gain from the unattended speech effect?
Code is phonemic not semantic. Unattended phonological material gains access to PS and interferes with retention
What does articulatory suppression abolish - which effects?
word length, phonological similarity and unattended speech effect
What do the results of articulatory suppression tell us?
All of the abolished effects = based on PL
What is articulatory suppression?
Baddeley 1984 - operation of looop = disturbed if overt or covert articulation of irrelevant ittems is performed
What are the main functions of the PL?
Language acquisition and understanding syntactically complex sentences
Example of PL being involved in learning new language?
Baddeley et al, 1988 –> Patient PV - very pure PL deficit. Could learn italian-italian words but not italian-russian words. Problem learning unfamiliar wrods not forming associations between two words
Example of PL being invovled in learning unfamiliar words?
Gathercole & Baddeley (1990) –> children with low repitiion scores recall less phonologically familiar names than those with high scores. No signifciant difference on familiar names
