Lecture 2

Question 1

Conceptual model

Answer 1

◼ A conceptual model is a high-level description of how a system is organized and operates.
◼ An abstraction that outlines what people can do with a product and what concepts are needed to understand in order to interact with the product.
- The designer should provide a good conceptual model for the user, presenting operations and results in a coherent, consistent system image.

Question 2

People build their own…?

Answer 2

system of how things work, e.g. car. But the designer can help users foster an appropriate conceptual model.

Question 3

How do the designer help the user foster an appropriate conceptual model?

Answer 3

Appearance, instructions, behavior

Question 4

What should a conceptual model comprise? (4)

Answer 4

• The major metaphors(used to convey to the user how to understand what a product is for and how to use
• Concepts that users are exposed to through the product, including the task-domain objects they create and manipulate, their attributes, and the operations that can be performed on them
• The relationships between those concepts
• The mappings between the concepts and the user experience the product is designed to support or invoke

Question 5

Why use metaphors?

Answer 5

Metaphor can facilitate learning by allowing users to dram upon the knowledge they already have about the reference system

Question 6

Motstånd till metaphors?

Answer 6

• break the rules, too constraining, not being able to understand the systems functionality beyond metaphor, limits the designer’s imagination in conjuring tup the new paradigms and models

Question 7

Interactive Input Devices?

Answer 7

• Input Device is any machine that feeds data info a computer

Question 8

(Interactive Input Devices) Devices that rely on vision?

Answer 8

• keyboards

- pointing device

Question 9

Fitts’ Law?

Answer 9

Time (in msec) = a + b log2(D/S +1)

Where:
a, b = constants (empirically derived)
D = distance
S = size (width of the target)

Index of Difficulty (ID) = log2(D/S+1)

Question 10

Voice recognition is a….?

Answer 10

Input device

Question 11

Output devices?

Answer 11

◼ Output Device is a machine capable of representing data from a computer.
◼ Visual Display: data may take the form of graphic, tabular, text or other.
◼ Response time
◼ Interactive dialogue

Question 12

Synthesized speech is appropriate when: (6)

Answer 12

◼ The required message is short and simple,
◼ The message needs an immediate response,
◼ The user/receiver is visually occupied,
◼ The environment is too brightly or poorly lit for ordinary visual displays to be used,
◼ The user is moving around too much to visually attend to a single screen, or
◼ No screen exists but an audio receiver does (e.g., telephone).

Question 13

When Auditory Output-Nonspeech

Answer 13

• Receiving calls, Windows Startup, shutdown

Question 14

Advantages of Auditory Output-Nonspeech (5)

Answer 14

◼ Reinforcement of vision and hearing (dual coding theory) ◼ Faster reaction
◼ Reduction of visual load
◼ To simplify the screen
◼ To grab attention
◼ To support visually impaired users

Question 15

Drawbacksof Auditory Output-Nonspeech (3)

Answer 15

◼ Inability to differentiate between similar sounds
◼ Transience
◼ Annoyance

Question 16

Paradigms in HCI

Answer 16

Refers to a particular approach that has been adopted by a community in terms of shared assumptions, concepts, values and practices.

Ex. - Many new tech advances led to a new generation of user-computer environments. e.g., virtual reality, multimedia, collaborative interfaces, ubiquitous computing, internet of things

Question 17

Command Language Interface. Advantages? (4)

Answer 17

◼ Powerful
- Complex commands can get much done
- Complex procedures may be stored as scripts/macros
◼ Flexible, user controlled
- User can do anything in any order.
◼ Fast, efficient
- Can be very fast and efficient for experts despite required typing
◼ Uses minimal “screen estate”
- Only one line required for command entry

Question 18

Command Language Interface. Limitations? (4)

Answer 18

◼ Difficult to learn
- Cryptic command names and arbitrary syntactic delimiters must need rote memory.
◼ Difficult to remember
- Infrequent users won’t achieve mastery
◼ Assumes typing skill
◼ Error prone
◼ Enhancements are invisible
- The interface may not reflect any changes and enhancements made to the system

Question 19

Advantages - Menu-based Interaction (5)

Answer 19

◼ Self-explanatory
- Menu systems make clear what can be done (semantics) and how to do it (syntax).
◼ Requires little human memory ◼ Few keystrokes
◼ Easy error handling
◼ Outcomes are visible

Question 20

Limitations - Menu-based Interaction (4)

Answer 20

◼ Inefficient
◼ Inflexible
◼ Impractical for numerous choices - How to group options?
              - How to name options?
◼ Takes up screen “real estate”

Question 21

Button?

Answer 21

Simulated-3D raised aspect – visual affordance

Question 22

Butcons?

Answer 22

Icons that serve as buttons ( Easy to use and memorize)

Question 23

Toolbars

Answer 23

Visible, immediate commands.

Question 24

Toolbars: The Ribbon

Answer 24

Tabbed toolbar with textual labels for groups of functions & presentation of butcons and textual commands

Question 25

Graphical Direct Manipulation?

Answer 25

is one in which users perform actions directly on visible objects
- in contrast to interfaces in which users indirectly specify actions, parameters, and objects through languages or menu interfaces

Question 26

Example of Graphical Direct Manipulation

Answer 26

• move & copy files by dragging.

- Google street view

Question 27

Graphical Direct Manipulation. Advantages? (7)

Answer 27

◼ Easy to learn and remember
◼ Direct, WYSIWYG
◼ Flexible, easily reversible actions
◼ Provides context and instant, visual feedback ◼ Exploits human use of visual spatial cues
◼ Less error prone
◼ Engagement

Question 28

Graphical Direct Manipulation. Limitations? (2)

Answer 28

◼ Not self-explanatory (interface user not necessarily obvious to first-time user)
◼ Can be inefficient

Question 29

Virtual Reality

Answer 29

◼ Computer-generated graphical simulations providing:
-“the illusion of participation in a synthetic environment rather than external observation of such an environment” (Gigante, 1993)
◼ A generic term that refers to the experience of interacting with an artificial environment, which makes it feel virtually real.
◼ Provide new kinds of experience, enabling users to interact with objects and navigate in 3D space
◼ Create highly engaging user experiences