Lecture 2 Flashcards

Question

What is the WHO definition of health?

Answer 1

“A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely an absence of disease or infirmity” Ignores natural, spiritual, and supernatural dimensions of health

Answer 2

One’s health and its impact on others - Fear of burdening children - Pain is not masculine or for the weak May change based on SES -Low SES may “deal with it” in order to make ends meet

Answer 3

``` Weight maintenance Hair sheen Skin colour (i.e., pallor) Menstruation (pre-menopause) Regular BM Normotensive Motor skills Energized/Good sleep habits Infrequent colds/illness ```

Answer 4

In North American societies, “healthy” hair is clean, free of dandruff, and soft In other societies, oily hair and dandruff are normal and not an indication of poor health North American societies view pregnancy as a medical condition, warranting regular doctors appointments and exams Other societies have limited prenatal care

Answer 5

Westernized countries prefer thinness, although this is changing Other cultures believe thinness is an indication of sickness/disease Views may change based on geographical relocation

Answer 6

Physical and emotional/psychological health is so distant in North American culture that there is no word for mind-body unity -So we associate the 2 of them separately

Answer 7

Healthy diet, rest, and cleanliness defined as good health practices worldwide The definition of these practices vary

Answer 8

Usually defined as the most important way to maintain health Almost all cultures define certain foods as “health-promoting” (but vary depending on the food) Food May provide mind-body balance and benefits to both

Answer 9

Canadas food guide | -Heavily criticized for lack of cultural representation, influence from industry

Answer 10

Diet high in V/F Protein-rich Limited sugar, fat, salt, alcohol Dietary supplements

Answer 11

Mainly practice in China and surrounding countries Balance of foods classified as Yin (raw, soothing, cooked at low temperatures, white/light green) and Yang (high kcal, high heat, spicy, red-orange-yellow in colour) Believe to avoid extremes Staple foods (e.g., rice) are believe to be neutral

Answer 12

eating large volumes of food

Answer 13

food that looks like a human organ or body part

Answer 14

weakness, pain/discomfort, emotional distress, or physical debilitation that may prevent a person from fulfilling responsibilities to family or society Perceptions or and reaction to physical or psychological condition Caused by disease, malfunctioning body organs and systems

Answer 15

The entire disease-illness process; cultural consensus of definition may vary How the person became sick, whole process from tart to finish Symptoms experienced How it is cured

Answer 16

by elder (e.g., mother, grandmother, knowledgeable family member) Decision to seek help from medical professional -Based on the consultation with this fam member you go to the professional

Answer 17

Social legitimization of sickness New role as the ‘sick person’ Sick person is usually excused from daily roles, social activities, and religious duties Temporary respite from physical and psychological burdens of life to allow for healing

Answer 18

Unexpected events warrant reason and explanation of origin/cause Sickness : Cause of disease, perception of symptoms, healing treatments, why others do not get sick

Answer 19

Immediate causes (toxins, tumors, physical injury, bacterial/viral infection) Underlying causes (smoking, hypercholesterolemia, glucose intolerance, nutritional deficiencies)- more chronic Ultimate causes (genetic predisposition, obesity, environmental stresses)

Answer 20

``` The patient The natural world The social world The supernatural world -these etiologies may not be embraced by every culture ```

Answer 21

Genetic or lifestyle-related Genetic Examples: BRCA1 > Breast cancer susceptibility Crohn’s disease > Ashkenazi Jews Lifestyle Examples: Overeating > Obesity Smoking > Lung cancer Not wearing a seatbelt > Injury from car accident Blame often placed on the patient, without appreciation of external causes (e.g., obesogenic environment)

Answer 22

``` Involves environmental elements: Weather Allergens Pollution Smoke Toxins Viruses/bacteria Wind or bad air > through pores, orifices, wounds -all to cause illness ```

Answer 23

Sickness due to interpersonal conflict Blaming an enemy for pain The Evil Eye: - When a person stares at another person with envy, resulting in harm - Widely believed in Asia, Europe, Africa, Greece, Middle East - Children believed to be vulnerable (colic, crying, hiccups) - Adults experience headaches, malaise, impotency, birth complications, etc. Conjury -Ability to invoke supernatural forces E.g., voodoo, witchcraft

Answer 24

Sickness caused by gods, spirits, or ghosts of ancestors Will of God -Judaism, Christians, Muslims Sickness may be considered a form of punishment Malevolent spirits may attack a person Spiritual possession - Evil spirit inhabits a body - Catholics believe in exorcisms - Which causes them pain or to act out in certain ways Loss of soul -Usually due to emotional distress or spirit possession

Answer 25

Sickness due to social world

Answer 26

Culture-bound illnesses Susto/Espanto - Soul loss according to Latinos - Asians, Indigenous people, Pacific Islanders, South Asians commonly believe in loss of soul Sudden Unexpected Nocturnal Syndrome (SUNDS) -Death caused by evil spirits (Cambodia) Burning of soles of feet -Experience of severe stress (India) Empacho -Feeling of food stuck in stomach (Mexico) Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa -Some believe these conditions to be culture-based in Westernized societies due to drive for thinness, control over body, body image

Answer 27

“Addresses the illness, alleviating the infirmities of the sick patient even when the disease is not evident” Responds to personal, familial, and social issues Biomedicine: Focuses more on diagnosing and treating the disease

Answer 28

Route of care may depend on patient’s perception of severity Home remedies are usually first step of care Once ineffective, further care may be sought out “Healing” dependent on several factors

Answer 29

``` Price Availability Accessibility Previous experiences Referrals by friends/family members How the patient perceives the problem Type of healing required -Type of illness would have to go to the appropriate illness s they believe they have. -Having musltiple healters is common ```

Answer 30

herbal teas, vitamins, meditation, relaxation, essential oils

Answer 31

Chiropractic, homeopathy, hypnosis, massage, IV therapy | -not all backed by science

Answer 32

Requires extensive academic training in conventionally recognized medical systems, such as biomedicine, traditional Chinese medicine, and ayurvedic medicine -some May be approached and appreciated more tan others

Answer 33

Administration of therapeutic substances Application of physical forces or devices Magico-religious intervention

Answer 34

Biomed medication and diet perscriptions Botanical med Homeopathy Naturopathic medicine

Answer 35

Often used by health professionals outside of biomedicine Focus on whole plants, herbs, and parts of animals (e.g., organs, mineralized powders) Chinese medicine or ayurvedic medicine

Answer 36

Belief that symptoms of an illness are evidence that the body is curing itself Exaggeration of symptoms speeds healing; “like cures like” Widely debated and criticized

Answer 37

Helping the body heal itself using non-invasive natural treatments and physical manipulations Nutritional therapy is the foundation of naturopathic health maintenance and healing Growing in popularity Taking over nutrition and claiming they are experts

Answer 38

``` Chiropractic Osteopathic Asian Healing practices Physio Hydrotherapy ```

Answer 39

The misalignments of the spine interfere with the nervous system, interrupting the natural intelligence that regulates the body, resulting in disease and disorder”

Answer 40

Blood, lymph, and nerve function improve through manipulation of musculoskeletal system

Answer 41

used to release vital energy flow Massage therapy, acupuncture, pinching/scratching techniques, cupping – common among athletes

Answer 42

Use of electrotherapy for injury May be used by other professionals for alleviating GI upset, chronic pain, insomnia, etc.

Answer 43

Use of bath, shower, saunas, hot tubs, steam rooms, etc. to relieve discomfort, asthma, hypertension, clear pores, etc.

Answer 44

Action by the individual Action by the sacred healer

Answer 45

Western religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam): God has control over life and death Life according to God’s will E.g., Catholics make appeals to saints for specific ailments (St. Joseph for terminal illness) Eastern religions (Buddhism, Hinduism) Correct conduct in this and past lives Religious offerings Healing occurs through restoration of balance

Answer 46

Meditation:Finding focus within the mind, deep breathing Yoga:Calms the mind, control of breathing and use ot systematic poses to promote mind and body being one Visualization/guided imagery:Induced relaxation and targeting away of health problems

Answer 47

``` Prayers Blessings Chanting, singing Charms Conjuring Use of therapeutic substances Application of physical cures -done by a sacred healer ```

Answer 48

“Consecutive or concurrent use of multiple health care systems” Low SES and high SES have been found to rely on this -Increasingly popular among high SES

Answer 49

In many cases, patients are using more than one route of healing -Underreporting is a massive issue Health care practitioners must be open to alternative practices : - Avoid offending the client - Develop trusting relationship - Awareness of drug-nutrient/drug-drug/nutrient-nutrient interactions Issue with contradictory information -Patient may be left confused on which treatment is “right”

Answer 50

Cultural care preservation and/or maintenance Cultural care accommodation and/or negotiation Cultural care repatterning or restructuring

Lecture 2 Flashcards

(74 cards)