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Food and Culture > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What % of Canadas population is Latin, central or south America?

A 
First generation (58.1%)
Second generation (35.4%)
Third generation (6.5%)
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2
Q

What can hispanic be associated with?

A

Born in Latin America
Spanish surnames
Spanish speaking

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3
Q

What is the background of most people from Mexico?

A

> 80% are mestizos

-Mixed Indigenous and Spanish ancestry

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4
Q

What is a chicano/chicana?

A

those born in the US/Canada

  • Assimilation not uncommon
  • May consider themselves white or American/Canadian
  • Biracial relationships and marriages commonplace
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5
Q

What is thee dominant religion in Mexico?

A

Majority are Roman Catholic
~81% in Mexico
Less post-immigration
Protestantism also practice

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6
Q

What is the family structure like in Mexican families?

A

Family is an extremely important social unit

Well-being of family comes before needs of individual

Eldest male usually considered head of household
-Machismo – “manhood”

Elders are highly respected; grandparents heavily involved in family dynamic

Children are cherished

Expectation of unity and working together

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7
Q

What are the traditional health pracrices in Mexico?

A

Combination of Indigenous supernatural rituals and
European folk medicine

Health is considered a gift from God
-Prayer considered a necessary component of healing process

Illness caused by outside forces

Healthcare sought in hierarchical order

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8
Q

What is the hierarchical order for traditional medicine in Mexican culture?

A

Senoras/Abuelas – Mothers, grandmothers, wives, older females considered health experts in family

Home remedies tried before seeking outside care

Traditional herbal remedies, homeopathic cures, etc.

Curandero – traditional healer

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9
Q

What do Mexicans believe illness to be caused by?

A

Excessive emotion – e.g., Susto, Espanto, Envidia

Dislocation of organs – e.g., Caida de la mollera

Magic – e.g., Mal de ojo

Imbalance of hot and cold – e.g., Empacho

An Anglo disease – e.g., Pneumonia, appendicitis

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10
Q

What are the traditional Mexican foods?

A

Aztec Foods
Corn, tomatoes, beans, cocoa were available and considered staples prior to the arrival of the Spanish
Corn considered a staple grain
Legumes, fruits, vegetables

Spanish influence led to other ingredients:
Garlic, onions, rice, sugarcane, wheat, cinnamon, hogs
Introduction to distillation of alcohol – tequila and mescal

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11
Q

What aree Mexican staple foods?

A 
Tortilla
Beans
One dish meals
Meats (pork beef)
Stuffed foods
Eggs in desserts
Coffee
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12
Q

What is the hottest pepper?

A

Drying chilies increases heat

Pure Capsaicin considered the hottest

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13
Q

What are the 7 nations of Central America?

A

Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama

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14
Q

What is the family structure like in Central America?

A

Mother and father defined as structure in family

  • Father is head of household
  • Shared decision making

Daughters given great attention and control when raised

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15
Q

What are the traditional beliefs of Central American?

A

Good health consists of diet high in vegetables/fruit, fresh air, and normal hours

Structured exercise less valued

Thinness is viewed as unhealthy and ‘sickly’

Health is a gift from God

  • Prayer used to restore harmony during illness
  • Diseases sent by Satan to punish nonbelievers

Balance of hot and cold

Susto and Cólera believed to cause hypertension

Large use of botanical medicine

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16
Q

What are traditional foods of Central America?

A

Northern nations influenced by Indigenous dishes

Southern nations influenced by European (Spanish) and African influences

Eastern coast share similarities to Caribbean Islands

Rice introduced from Spanish

Beans are a daily staple

Corn used mainly in tortillas

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17
Q

What are traditional foods of El Salvador?

A

Pupusas

French bread with turkey and pickled vegetables

Foods commonly fried and feature corn, beans, tomatoes, chilies, turkey

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18
Q

What are traditional foods of Guatemala?

A

Mixtas

Stews thickened with toasted squash seeds

Achiote is a common spice used

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19
Q

What are traditional foods of Nicaragua?

A

Tamales
Empanadas
Mondongo stew (tripe stew)
Iguana consumed by some Indigenous people
Juice of sour oranges mixed with sweet peppers or mint commonly used for flavour

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20
Q

What are traditional foods of Costa Rica?

A

Simmered foods with cilantro, thyme, oregano, onion, garlic, pimento

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21
Q

What types of foods are common in all Central American countries?

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A

Soups and stews common throughout all countries usually using

Beef + plantains + cassava + coconut milk

Pork + white bean stew

Chicken + fruit wine

22
Q

What are meal patterns like in Central America?

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A

Beans and corn are cornerstones in the diet
-Especially for low SES

Wealthier groups may include soup, meat/poultry, tortillas/bread, and special garnishes

Appetizers common in urban areas prior to dinner

Dessert includes custards, ice creams, fritters, cakes

23
Q

What are Central American celebrations based on?

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A

Focused on Catholic holidays

Christmas, Easter, Lent, All Saints Day, Sunday

24
Q

What is hot cold theory?

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A

Hot-cold theory practiced by some

-In Guatemala, some believe diarrhea is caused by hot water and can be counterbalanced by drinking a cold beverage

25
What other foods are used for therapeutic uses?
Herbal remedies very common, especially tea Avocado, garlic, ginseng, and valleriana used for hypertension and diabetes Coco leaves for medicinal us
26
What barriers in counselling are there when it comes to those who speak other languages?
Language Accessibility Differing beliefs (e.g., will of God vs. biomedicine) SES
27
What should you never tell your clients?
Avoid discouraging consumption of traditional foods | -Focus on other areas of improvement (e.g., portions, cooking methods, etc.)
28
What does the Caribbean include?
Bahamas Turks and Caicos Cayman Islands The Greater Antilles (Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico) The Lesser Antilles (Virgin Islands, Anguilla, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Barbados, and Grenada)
29
Which Caribbean countries speak English at home?
Caribbean Islanders are more likely to speak English at home (32%) compared to South America (15%), Central America (7%), Mexico (3%)
30
What is the main religion in thee Caribbean?
Roman Catholicism is main religion Large variation Other religions: - Protestantism - Judaism - Voodooism (e.g., Santeria in Cuba and Puerto Rico) - Rastafari
31
What is the family structure like in Puerto Rico?
Compadrazgo = co-parenting with various family members Grandparents, uncles/aunts, cousins, godparents considered immediate family Men are heads of household; women maintain the home Elders are respected Roles may change post-immigration
32
What is the family structure like in Haiti ?
Common-law marriage common Placaj - Acceptable for a man to head multiple households Gender roles are inflexible
33
What are the traditional health beliefs of the Caribbean?
Similar to Latin American cultures - Illness is a punishment of God - Strong belief in fate Promesa Influence of the devil – common in Haiti and Dominican Republic Susto, Nervios, mal de ojo – Puerto Rico
34
What are the different nervios?
Nervios can come in many forms: - Ser nervioso - Padecer de los nervios; - Ataques de nervios
35
What are the traditional health beliefs of Haiti?
Blood flow a large focus for hot and cold theory Blood irregularities: Hot, cold, weak, thin, thick, dirty, yellow Febles – insufficient blood (i.e., anemia) Sezisman – disruption of normal blood flow due to trauma Red vegetables/fruit believed to strengthen blood Gaz – gas may settle between ears (headache); stomach (indigestion) etc. Mal dyok – Evil Eye
36
How are most traditional health beliefs managed?
Most mild conditions are managed by elder women knowledgeable in herbal and spiritual healings Serious conditions may require external assistance Supernatural causes may use cures linked to voodoo or Santeria
37
What are the traditional health practices in the Caribbean?
``` Good hygiene Exercise Decrease stress Sleep hygiene Good diet (low in red meat, “junk” food) Avoidance of negative people Use of laxatives or enemas Herbal teas ```
38
What is Caribbean food influenced by?
Indigenous, Spanish, British, Dutch, French, Danes, Indian, Chinese, and African cultures
39
What are indigenous staples in the Caribbean?
Vegetables/fruit – cassava, tapioca, acerola, avocados, bananas, plantains, cashew apples, cocoa, coconuts, corn, guava, malanga, mammee apples, pineapple, sapodilla, soursop, squash, sweet potatoes, tomatoes Fish, small birds
40
What kind of food did foreign influences bring to the Caribbean?
Spanish brought cattle, hogs, goats, sheep, ginger, nutmeg, mace African slaves brought akee, yams, okra, and taro Asian influence brought soybean products, Asian vegetables, lentils, and tamarind
41
What are meal patterns like in the Caribbean?
Emphasis on starchy vegetables + rice, beans, meat Stews and soups are common Low SES -Cassava, tomatoes, chili, salted fish 3 meals per day except Haiti
42
What are the therapeutic uses of food in the Caribbean?
Hot-cold theory heavily followed Balance of hot and cold meals Herbal remedies Foods for treatment
43
What to Caribbeans respect when going to counselling?
Respect extremely valued Expressional and touching Eye contact varies Prescription medication Potential language barrier
44
What are the 12 countries of the South America?
``` Argentina Brazil Bolivia Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela ```
45
What is the main religion in south america?
Roman Catholicism and Protestantism In Peru, Incan gods may be incorporated into Catholicism Cult of Maria Lionza Candomblé
46
What is the family structure like in South America?
Large focus on extended family Typically male is head of household Mother makes large decisions
47
What are the traditional health beliefs of South America?
Faith and health commonly connected Common practices include: -Homeopathy, exorcism, acupuncture, yoga, etc. -Candomblé find balance between earthly and spiritual spheres Use of herbal teas very common
48
What are the staples of South America?
``` Corn Tomatoes Chile Cassava (yuca) Coffee ``` Pumpkins, bananas, plantains, beef, rice, onions, sweet potatoes, beans Apio/arracha, Oca, Yacon, Ahipa Seafood around coastal regions Indigenous foods: Llama, deer, wild pig, rabbit, capybara, tapir, cuy
49
What are the meal patterns of South America?
Influenced by SES - 3 meals per day for mid-to-high SES - Small breakfast, large dinner for low SES Lunch is usually the main meal Appetizers usually start the meal, followed by a meat-based or seafood-based meal Afternoon breaks common to have coffee
50
What are the celebrations of South America?
Mainly follow Catholic and Christian faith -Christmas, Easter, Lent, St. John’s Day, All Soul’s Day Carnival Independence days
51
What are the therapeutic uses of food in south America?
Candomblé orixas linked to certain foods | -Honour of deity through consumption of foods
52
What is the counselling like for South America?
Formality is preferred Direct eye contact, except Colombia Polychronistic Eldest should be introduced first Punctuality and respect valued

Food and Culture (8 decks)

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