Lecture 2: Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Does blood leave vessels?

Answer 1

no

Question 2

What are the 3 parts of the cardio system?

Answer 2

• heart -> provides force to pump blood
• blood vessels -> house & trabsport blood
• blood -> carries & trabsports materials

Question 3

What makes 55% of blood volume?

Answer 3

matrix/plasma

Question 4

What are the 2 functions of blood vessels?

Answer 4

• prvent leakege of materials
• provide selectively permeable barrier

Question 5

What are the formed elements in blood?

Answer 5

• RBCs -> 95%; erythrocytes responsible for gas transport
• cellular fragments -> platelets responsible for clotting
• WBCs -> .1%; leukocytes responsible ofr immune response

Question 6

Where do all formed elements come from?

Answer 6

bone marrow

Question 7

Where is embryonic hematopoiesis found?

Answer 7

• yolk sac
• liver
• spleen
• bone marrow
• spongy bone
• medullary cavity

Question 8

Where are formed elements found in adults?

Answer 8

• spongy bone of axial skeleton
• long bones
• lymph nodes
• bone marrow

Question 9

What 2 organs retain hematopoietic ability but are inactive?

Answer 9

liver & spleen

Question 10

Where do lymphoid stem cells differentiate?

Answer 10

• T cells & NK cells -> in lymphatic tissue & thymus
• B cells -> in bone marrow

Question 11

What do myeloid stem cells produce?

Answer 11

• progenitor cells to respond to chemicals
• megakaryocytes -> thrombocytes/platelets
• erythrocyte -> RBCs
• myeloblast -> WBCs (basophils, neutrophil, eosinophil)

Question 12

Where do erythrocytes originate?

Answer 12

kidneys then bone marrow

Question 13

What do eerythrocytes release that trigger RBC production?

Answer 13

erythropoietin

Question 14

What is anemia?

Answer 14

deficiency in RBCs or hemoglobin

Question 15

What is the composition of hemoglobin?

Answer 15

• 4 globin subunits with heme group
• each heme has an iron factor & binds one O2
• amino acid in globin bind CO2

Question 16

Each RBC has how many hemoglobins?

Answer 16

300 million

Question 17

Do people with type O blood have any antigens?

Answer 17

no

Question 18

What are antigens?

Answer 18

cell surface proteins that form a personal signature

Question 19

People who lack Rh antigens are Rh positive or negative?

Answer 19

negative

Question 20

If someone lacks A, B, & Rh antigens what type blood are they? (vice/versa)

Answer 20

O- blood

Question 21

What is agglutination?

Answer 21

antibodies bind to antigens on multiple cells

Question 22

How are agglutinated cells destroyed?

Answer 22

by WBCs

Question 23

What is the principle component of the immune response?

Answer 23

WBCs (eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils)

Question 24

What triggers WBCs?

Answer 24

thymosins & cytokines

Question 25

What is the most abundant WBC?

Answer 25

neutrophil

Question 26

What are the characteristics of neutrophils?

Answer 26

* phagocytize bacteria & cellular debris * secrete peroxide & lysozyme to kill invaders * dead neutrophils form component of pus

Question 27

What are the characteristics of basophils?

Answer 27

* trigger inflammation * release histamines & heparin * activate allergies

Question 28

What are the characteristics of eosinophils?

Answer 28

* release proinflammatory cytokines * recruit leukoctes * weakly phagocytic but can aggregate & kill parasites

Question 29

What are the characteristics of monocytes?

Answer 29

* largest cell * phagocytize bacteria, parasites, & damaged cells * become large macrophages when they leave blood * removes damaged RBCs

Question 30

What are the characteristics of lymphocytes?

Answer 30

* develop into T & B cells * main acquired immune cell (learn identity of invader) * matuee in bone marrow * Ab production

Question 31

What are the characteristics of platelets?

Answer 31

* fragment of megakaryocytes * grow in response to thrombopoietin from liver & kidneys * responsible for closing breaks in vessels

Question 32

How do platelets close brekas in vessels?

Answer 32

1. vasospasm -> contraction of smooth muscles to reduce blood loss 2. clotting factors release by damaged tissue 3. platelet plug closes vessels off

Question 33

How do platelets trigger clotting?

Answer 33

release factors to trigger coagulation cascade

Question 34

What is the coagulation cascade?

Answer 34

1. prothrombin converts to thrombin 2. fibrinogen converts to fibrin 3. fibrin forms mesh web to catch blood cells & platelets forming a clot

Question 35

How does warfarin work as a blood thinner?

Answer 35

reduces clotting production (prevents thrombus formation)