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Epidemiology Exam 1 > Lecture 2: Descriptive Epi & Frequency > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Descriptive Epi & Frequency Flashcards

1
Q

Frequency refers to….

A

Counts of disease occurrence within a specific population

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2
Q

Patterns of disease refers to….

A

Person
Place
Time

Descriptive epi-3W’s

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3
Q

What are the three types of surveillance systems?

A

Passive
Active
Syndromic

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4
Q

Healthcare worker reports to the CDC when a new case of ebola surfaces

A

Example of passive surveillance

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5
Q

An EIS worker is sent to Kansas City to investigate the outbreak of swine flu

A

Example of active surveillane

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6
Q

Define syndromic surveillance

A

A system that tracks specific signs/symptoms

Typically associated with rare diseases/conditions

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7
Q

What does the biosurveillance system focus on?

A

Humans, animals and plants alike

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8
Q

Name the four stages of the disease timeline

A

Susceptibility
Subclinical
Clinical
Recovery or Death

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9
Q

What causes you to move from the susceptibility stage to subclinical?

A

Exposure to disease

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10
Q

What does it mean to be subclinical?

A

You have been exposed to the disease, under going pathological changes but are pre-symptomatic

Meaning you have not shown any symptoms yet

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11
Q

What causes you to move from subclinical to clinical stage?

A

The onset of symptoms

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12
Q

In what stage and region of that stage does time of diagnosis fall?

A

Within the early clinical stage

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13
Q

What occurs in the final stage of the disease timeline?

A

Recovery
Disability
Death

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14
Q

Define induction period

A

Time between exposure and onset of disease

Also called incubation period

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15
Q

The time between exposure to a disease and onset of symptoms

A

Incubation period
Or
Induction period

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16
Q

Time between onset of disease and diagnosis

A

Latency period

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17
Q

Define latency period

A

Time between onset of symptoms and diagnosis

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18
Q

What do you think is the most critical element that must be defined before any of the ‘who’ of descriptive epidemiology can be acquired?

A

Case definitions

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19
Q

What are we looking?
What is the criteria someone must meet to be considered diseased?

What do these questions represent?

A

Case definitions

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20
Q

Define ‘case definition’

A

A set of criteria used to define a disease for public health surveillance

Enabling us to define a disease across nations and globally

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21
Q

What does CSTE stand for

A

Council of state & territorial epidemiologists

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22
Q

What does CSTE recommend?

A

That state health departments report occurances of specific diseases to the CDC’s NNDSS

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23
Q

What does NNDSS stand for?

A

National notifiable disease surveillance system

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24
Q

NNDSS is a department of what organization?

A

CDC

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25
Q

What does the NNDSS do?

A

Collects the reports from health departments on occurrences of a specific list of diseases

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26
Q

How often are case definitions updated?

A

Annually

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27
Q

Explain why it is important to have case definitions

A

We must always clearly define our diseases so that we can communicate across departments and across nations. So we know we are talking about the same thing

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28
Q

What is the difference between a confirmed and probable case?

A

Lab tests have confirmed diagnosis

Lab tests are not yet in but the patient has all the symptoms of a certain condition

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29
Q

Occurrence of a disease that is clearly higher than normal within a specific population

A

Epidemic

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30
Q

An epidemic limited to a specific region

A

Outbreak

31
Q

A specific region where the prevalence of a specific disease is always higher than surrounding regions or other countries

A

Endemic

32
Q

Pre-pandemic labeling

A

Emergency of international concern

33
Q

A global alert due to an epidemic, alerting departments to be vigilant and to take preventative actions

A

Emergency of international concern

34
Q

An epidemic that spread world-wide

A

Pandemic

35
Q

A visual representation of measures of disease frequency

A

The Epi-curve

36
Q

Name the two patterns of disease

A

Point source
Or
Propagated

37
Q

Define ‘point source’

A

Disease is derived from a single point

Not person-person transmission

38
Q

Define ‘propagated source’

A

Person to person transmission

39
Q

What do the index case and sentential case have in common?

A

They’re the same thing = patient zero

40
Q

What are the three types of relative measures?

A

Proportion
Ratio
Rate

41
Q

Which type of measure has time incorporated into it?

A

A rate

42
Q

What is the difference between a proportion and ratio?

A

Proportion = division of 2 related numbers

Ratio = division of 2 unrelated numbers

43
Q

What are the 3 key factors when comparing multiple groups

A

of people in each population
Size of the people at risk
Length of time the population is ‘followed’

44
Q

An example of how to standardize population size and time

A

Person-years

45
Q

All new cases

A

Incidence

46
Q

All existing cases + new cases

A

Prevalence

47
Q

What do incidence and prevalence have in common relative to their formulas?

A

Same denominator

The at risk population

48
Q

How to calculate incidence

A

of new cases/at risk population

49
Q

What is cumulative incidence

A

The summation of incidences over multiple periods of time

50
Q

Why do we not count a relapse in disease by one person? Why is said person only counted the first time?

A

Because we would have to adjust the denominator every-time a person got the disease again. It is impossible to keep track of everyone

51
Q

How to calculate incident rate

A

of new cases
———————-
Person-time at risk

52
Q

Define incidence density

A

Summation of incidence rate over multiple time periods

53
Q

What do we do with repeat cases?

A

We only count them once

54
Q

How to calculate prevalence

A

of existing cases
————————
Entire population at risk

55
Q

What are the two types of prevalence?

A

Point - a specific point in time

Period - a specific time period - typically one year

56
Q

of persons with disease
———————————
Entire population

A

Crude morbidity rate

57
Q

of deaths from all causes
———————————-
Entire population

A

Crude mortality rate

58
Q

of persons with a specific disease
———————————————-
Entire population

A

Cause-specific morbidity rate

59
Q

of deaths from a specific disease
———————————————-
Entire population

A

Cause-specific mortality rate

60
Q 
# of cause-specific deaths
———————————-
# of people with that disease
A

Case-fatality rate

61
Q 
# of people with a disease 
———————————-
# of cases of that disease (dead and alive)
A

Cause-specific survival rate

62
Q 
# of cause-specific deaths
———————————-
# of deaths in entire population (all causes)
A

Proportional mortality rate or PMR

63
Q

How are all measures of disease frequency in infants similar?

A

All are standardized per 1,000

64
Q

What is the difference in infant mortality rate and maternal mortality rate?

A

Infant is standardized per 1,000

Maternal is standardized per 100,000

65
Q

of live births/ 1,000 population

A

Live-birth rate

66
Q

What is the equation for fertility rate?

A 
# of live births
————————————
# of women of childbearing age (15-44)
67
Q

of deaths <28 days old
———————————-
1,000 live births

A

Neonatal mortality rate

68
Q

of deaths >28 days but <1 year old
————————————————
1,000 live births

A

Postnatal mortality rate

69
Q

of deaths <1 yr old
——————————
1,000 live births

A

Infant mortality rate

70
Q

How to calculate Maternal Mortality Ratio? And what is it specific to?

A

of female pregnancy deaths
——————————————
100,000 live births

Specific to female deaths due to their pregnancy itself

71
Q

Why are the frequency rates referred to as rates yet there is not time represented in their equations?

A

Assumed to be annual rates (1 year)

72
Q

What is infectivity?

How to calculate?

A

Ability of something to invade a host

infected/# at risk

73
Q

What if pathogenicity?

How to calculate?

A

Ability of something to cause a clinical disease

# of people w/ disease
——————————
# of people infected
74
Q

What is virulence and how to calculate?

A

Ability of something to cause death

deaths/# of people with that disease

Epidemiology Exam 1 (6 decks)

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