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Epidemiology Exam 1 > Lecture 2: Descriptive Epi & Frequency > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Descriptive Epi & Frequency Flashcards

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1
Q

Frequency refers to….

A

Counts of disease occurrence within a specific population

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2
Q

Patterns of disease refers to….

A

Person
Place
Time

Descriptive epi-3W’s

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3
Q

What are the three types of surveillance systems?

A

Passive
Active
Syndromic

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4
Q

Healthcare worker reports to the CDC when a new case of ebola surfaces

A

Example of passive surveillance

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5
Q

An EIS worker is sent to Kansas City to investigate the outbreak of swine flu

A

Example of active surveillane

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6
Q

Define syndromic surveillance

A

A system that tracks specific signs/symptoms

Typically associated with rare diseases/conditions

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7
Q

What does the biosurveillance system focus on?

A

Humans, animals and plants alike

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8
Q

Name the four stages of the disease timeline

A

Susceptibility
Subclinical
Clinical
Recovery or Death

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9
Q

What causes you to move from the susceptibility stage to subclinical?

A

Exposure to disease

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10
Q

What does it mean to be subclinical?

A

You have been exposed to the disease, under going pathological changes but are pre-symptomatic

Meaning you have not shown any symptoms yet

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11
Q

What causes you to move from subclinical to clinical stage?

A

The onset of symptoms

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12
Q

In what stage and region of that stage does time of diagnosis fall?

A

Within the early clinical stage

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13
Q

What occurs in the final stage of the disease timeline?

A

Recovery
Disability
Death

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14
Q

Define induction period

A

Time between exposure and onset of disease

Also called incubation period

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15
Q

The time between exposure to a disease and onset of symptoms

A

Incubation period
Or
Induction period

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16
Q

Time between onset of disease and diagnosis

A

Latency period

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17
Q

Define latency period

A

Time between onset of symptoms and diagnosis

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18
Q

What do you think is the most critical element that must be defined before any of the ‘who’ of descriptive epidemiology can be acquired?

A

Case definitions

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19
Q

What are we looking?
What is the criteria someone must meet to be considered diseased?

What do these questions represent?

A

Case definitions

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20
Q

Define ‘case definition’

A

A set of criteria used to define a disease for public health surveillance

Enabling us to define a disease across nations and globally

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21
Q

What does CSTE stand for

A

Council of state & territorial epidemiologists

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22
Q

What does CSTE recommend?

A

That state health departments report occurances of specific diseases to the CDC’s NNDSS

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23
Q

What does NNDSS stand for?

A

National notifiable disease surveillance system

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24
Q

NNDSS is a department of what organization?

A

CDC

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25
What does the NNDSS do?
Collects the reports from health departments on occurrences of a specific list of diseases
26
How often are case definitions updated?
Annually
27
Explain why it is important to have case definitions
We must always clearly define our diseases so that we can communicate across departments and across nations. So we know we are talking about the same thing
28
What is the difference between a confirmed and probable case?
Lab tests have confirmed diagnosis Lab tests are not yet in but the patient has all the symptoms of a certain condition
29
Occurrence of a disease that is clearly higher than normal within a specific population
Epidemic
30
An epidemic limited to a specific region
Outbreak
31
A specific region where the prevalence of a specific disease is always higher than surrounding regions or other countries
Endemic
32
Pre-pandemic labeling
Emergency of international concern
33
A global alert due to an epidemic, alerting departments to be vigilant and to take preventative actions
Emergency of international concern
34
An epidemic that spread world-wide
Pandemic
35
A visual representation of measures of disease frequency
The Epi-curve
36
Name the two patterns of disease
Point source Or Propagated
37
Define ‘point source’
Disease is derived from a single point Not person-person transmission
38
Define ‘propagated source’
Person to person transmission
39
What do the index case and sentential case have in common?
They’re the same thing = patient zero
40
What are the three types of relative measures?
Proportion Ratio Rate
41
Which type of measure has time incorporated into it?
A rate
42
What is the difference between a proportion and ratio?
Proportion = division of 2 related numbers Ratio = division of 2 unrelated numbers
43
What are the 3 key factors when comparing multiple groups
of people in each population Size of the people at risk Length of time the population is ‘followed’
44
An example of how to standardize population size and time
Person-years
45
All new cases
Incidence
46
All existing cases + new cases
Prevalence
47
What do incidence and prevalence have in common relative to their formulas?
Same denominator The at risk population
48
How to calculate incidence
of new cases/at risk population
49
What is cumulative incidence
The summation of incidences over multiple periods of time
50
Why do we not count a relapse in disease by one person? Why is said person only counted the first time?
Because we would have to adjust the denominator every-time a person got the disease again. It is impossible to keep track of everyone
51
How to calculate incident rate
of new cases ———————- Person-time at risk
52
Define incidence density
Summation of incidence rate over multiple time periods
53
What do we do with repeat cases?
We only count them once
54
How to calculate prevalence
of existing cases ———————— Entire population at risk
55
What are the two types of prevalence?
Point - a specific point in time Period - a specific time period - typically one year
56
of persons with disease ——————————— Entire population
Crude morbidity rate
57
of deaths from all causes ———————————- Entire population
Crude mortality rate
58
of persons with a specific disease ———————————————- Entire population
Cause-specific morbidity rate
59
of deaths from a specific disease ———————————————- Entire population
Cause-specific mortality rate
60
``` # of cause-specific deaths ———————————- # of people with that disease ```
Case-fatality rate
61
``` # of people with a disease ———————————- # of cases of that disease (dead and alive) ```
Cause-specific survival rate
62
``` # of cause-specific deaths ———————————- # of deaths in entire population (all causes) ```
Proportional mortality rate or PMR
63
How are all measures of disease frequency in infants similar?
All are standardized per 1,000
64
What is the difference in infant mortality rate and maternal mortality rate?
Infant is standardized per 1,000 Maternal is standardized per 100,000
65
of live births/ 1,000 population
Live-birth rate
66
What is the equation for fertility rate?
``` # of live births ———————————— # of women of childbearing age (15-44) ```
67
of deaths <28 days old ———————————- 1,000 live births
Neonatal mortality rate
68
of deaths >28 days but <1 year old ———————————————— 1,000 live births
Postnatal mortality rate
69
of deaths <1 yr old —————————— 1,000 live births
Infant mortality rate
70
How to calculate Maternal Mortality Ratio? And what is it specific to?
of female pregnancy deaths —————————————— 100,000 live births Specific to female deaths due to their pregnancy itself
71
Why are the frequency rates referred to as rates yet there is not time represented in their equations?
Assumed to be annual rates (1 year)
72
What is infectivity? | How to calculate?
Ability of something to invade a host infected/# at risk
73
What if pathogenicity? | How to calculate?
Ability of something to cause a clinical disease ``` # of people w/ disease —————————— # of people infected ```
74
What is virulence and how to calculate?
Ability of something to cause death deaths/# of people with that disease

Epidemiology Exam 1 (6 decks)

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