Lecture 2. Early Development of the Nervous System

Question 1

A plastic (changeable) living organ that
continuously changes in response to your ongoing
experiences.

Answer 1

Brain

Question 2

a single cell formed by the amalgamation of an ovum (an egg) and a sperm.

Answer 2

Zygote

Question 3

Zygotes divides to form?

Answer 3

It divides to form two daughter calls; these two divides until a mature organism is
produced.

Question 4

If the zygote only develops by the division to form daughter cells, we will end up into?

Answer 4

an amorphous mass of
homogeneous cells.

Question 5

To save from the fate of being an amorphous mass of homogenous celss, what are three things must occur other than cell multiplication?

Answer 5

(1) cells must differentiate

(2) cells must make their way to
appropriate sites and align
themselves with the cells around
them to form particular structures

(3) cells must establish appropriate
functional relations with other cells

Question 6

4 EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS

Answer 6

Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent, and Unipotent

Question 7

The cell has the ability to develop into any class of cell in the body (e.g neuron, bone, skin, or heart cells)

Answer 7

Totipotent

Question 8

After cell division,
developing cells have the
ability to develop into
many, but not all,
classes of body cells

Answer 8

Pluripotent

Question 9

As the embryo develops,
new cells become more
and more specialized,
and eventually the new
cells can develop into
different cells of only
one class (e.g., different
kinds of blood cells).

Answer 9

Multipotent

Question 10

Can develop into only one type of cell (e.g., bipolar neurons)

Answer 10

Unipotent

Question 11

Five Phases of Early Neurodevelopment

Answer 11

1. induction of neural plate
2. neural proliferation
3. migration and aggregation
4. axon growth and synapse formation
5. neural death and synapse rearrangement

Question 12

In this phase of early neurodevelopment, the tissue that is destined to develop into the human nervous system is recognizable as neural plate

Answer 12

Induction of the Neural Plate

Question 13

A small patch of extodermal tissue on the dorsal surface of developing embryo

Answer 13

Neural Plate

Question 14

The first major stage of Neurodevelopment in all vertebrates

Answer 14

Neural Plate

Question 15

How the development of the neural plate works?

Answer 15

Is induced by chemical signals from an area of an underlying mesoderm layer - an area consequently referred as organizer

Question 16

What happens to a growing neural plate?

Answer 16

a growing neural plate folds to form neural groove

the lips of the neural groove fuse to form neural tube

neural tube defects, which develop into severe birth defects in the CNS and result from errors in the folding process

the inside of the neural tube eventually becomes the cerebral ventricles and spinal canal

Question 17

By 40 days of the conception?

Answer 17

three swellings are visible at the anterior end of the human neural tube

Question 18

Neural Proliferation

Answer 18

once the lips of neural groove fused to create the neural tube, cells of the tube begin to proliferate or increase greatly in number

Question 19

How many cells are generated in neural proliferation?

Answer 19

Remarkably, cells are generated at a rate of more than 4 million per hour