Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

HES235-Test 1 > Lecture 2: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Endocrine System Flashcards

(91 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Objective of Endocrine System (3)

A

Synthesis of some hormones
Control of hormone production and secretion
Function of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Endocrine Organs

A 
Secrete product (hormones) into the blood stream
Into body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Exocrine Organs

A

Secrete product to outside of body or into digestive tract

Out of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Glands

A

Produce substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pancreas

A

Both endocrine and exocrine

Islets produces hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Endocrine System

A

Hormonal system

Regulates long term processes (growth, development, reproduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nervous System

A

Action potentials
Regulates short term processes
Electrical signals with neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Direct Intercellular Communication

A

Transmitted through gap junctions
Adjacent cells of the same type
Close proximity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Paracrine Intercellular Communication

A

Transmitted through extracellular fluid
Appropriate receptors required for target cells
Close proximity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Endocrine Intercellular Communication

A

Transmitted through circulatory system (blood)
Target cells are primary in other types of tissues and organs
Appropriate receptors required
Distant Proximity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Neural Intercellular Communication

A

Transmitted across synaptic cells
Limited to very specific areas
Distant Proximity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What Do Endocrine Cells Release Into Blood?

A

Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What Do Hormones Do?

A

Alter metabolic activities of many tissues and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Target Cells

A

Specific cells that possess receptors needed to bind and read hormonal messages
Some can respond to several different hormones simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What Happens When Specific Genes in Nucleus are Activated by Hormones?

A

They stimulate the synthesis of enzymes or structural proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How Do Hormones Increase/Decrease The Rate of Synthesis of an Enzyme or Other Protein?

A

By changing the rate of transcription or translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What Happens When A Hormone Changes The Shape of an Enzyme or Membrane?

A

That enzyme or membrane channel turns on or off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Types of Hormones (3)

A

Amino acid derivatives
Peptide hormones
Lipid derivatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What Are Amino Acid Derivative Hormones Made From?

A

Tyrosine or glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Peptide

A

Shorter chain of amino acid or glycoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What Are Lipid Derivative Hormones Made From?

A

Fats similar to cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What Type of Hormone are Eicosanoids?

A

Lipid Derivatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What Are Types of Eicosanoids?

A

Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What Are Eicosanoids?

A

Steroid hormones that control inflammation and immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What Are Eicosanoids Derived From?
Omega-6 or Omega 3 fatty acids
26
Omega
End of a chain
27
How Are Eicosanoids Formed?
Fatty acids are used to manufacture plasma membranes and are transformed into eicosanoids by enzymes
28
NSAIDS
Block action of cyclooxyrgenase enzymes and decrease the number of eicosanoids produced
29
What Do NSAIDS Decrease & How?
Inflammation and pain by blocking eicosanoid activity
30
How Do Non-Steroidal Hormones Get Across Plasma Membrane?
Bind to receptors on membrane | Use a second messenger to deliver message
31
Second Messengers (3)
Cyclic AMP Cyclic GMP Calcium Ions
32
What Do Second Messengers Do?
Causes the change/delivers the message in the target cell
33
G-Protein
Link between the first messenger and the second messenger
34
Process of Non-Steroidal Hormone Action On Target Cells (5 steps)
1. First messenger (hormone) binds to membrane receptor 2. Active GProtein activates adenylate cyclase 3. cAMP + ADP acts as second messenger and activates kinase 4. Enzyme activity altered 5. Target cell response
35
What Hormones Can Cross Membrane By Diffusion?
Steroid & Thyroid Hormones
36
What Causes Hormone Release?
Increase OR decrease in hormone release can be triggered by: Humoral Stimuli Hormonal Stimuli Neural Stimuli
37
Humoral Stimuli
Changes in composition and concentration of extracellular fluid
38
Hormonal Stimuli
Arrival or removal of specific hormone
39
Neural Stimuli
Arrival of neurotransmitters at neuroglandular junctions
40
What Is The Middle Pituitary Gland Called?
Pars intermedia | Produces 1 hormone
41
Hypophyseal Portal System
Needed to have capillaries pick up hormones, deliver them to adenohypophysis, then carried elsewhere in body
42
Releasing Hormones
Stimulate synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones at anterior lobe of pituitary gland Tells cell to release hormone
43
Inhibiting Hormones
Prevent synthesis and secretion of hormones from anterior lobe of pituitary gland
44
TRH
Thrytropin releasing hormone
45
CRH
Corticotropin Releasing hormone
46
GnRH
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
47
TSH
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
48
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
49
PRL
Prolactin
50
GH
Growth Hormone
51
FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
52
LH
Lutenizing Hormone
53
MSH
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
54
T4
Thyroxine Contains 4 Iodide ions Produced by follicular cells
55
T3
Triiodothyronine Contains 3 Iodide ions Produced by follicular cells
56
What Is Needed To Make T3 & T4?
Tyrosine | Iodide Ions
57
What Percent Of T3 & T4 Are Bound/Unbound?
99% Bound to protein carriers | 1% Unbound and free to diffuse out of blood into peripheral tissues to bin to receptors
58
What is the cause of hypothyroidism?
Lack of Iodine
59
What removes excess Iodine in body?
Kidneys | Liver
60
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Body produces antibodies against follicle cells | Autoimmune disease
61
What Does PTH Increase?
Number of osteoclasts
62
What Does PTH Inhibit?
Osteoblasts
63
What Does PTH Enhance?
Reabsorption of Calcium at kidneys, | reducing urinary loss
64
What Does PTH Stimulate?
Formation and secretion of calcitriol at kidneys
65
What Are the Regions of the Adrenal Cortex? (3)
Zona Glomerulosa Zona Fasiculata Zona Reticularis
66
Zona Glomerulosa
Most superficial layer of Adrenal Cortex
67
What Is the Mineralcorticoid in Zona Glomerulosa?
Aldosterone
68
Aldosterone
Restores sodium levels Stimulates conservation of sodium and elimination of potassium Increases sensitivity of salt receptors in taste buds (makes one crave salt)
69
Reasons For Release of Aldosterone (2)
Drop in blood sodium, blood volume, or blood pressure | Rise in blood potassium concentration
70
Zona Fasiculata
Middle layer of Adrenal Cortex
71
What Is the Glucocorticoid in Zona Fasiculata?
Cortisol
72
Cortisol
Stress hormone Antiflammatory effect on the immune system Releases fatty acids from adipose tissue
73
What Does Cortisol Stimulate? (2)
Gluconeogenesis | Glycogen production
74
What Are the Long Term Effects of Cortisol (being stressed)? (3)
Inhibiting immune function, Bone formation, Muscle weakness
75
Cortisol Is Released In Response To: (2)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone in hypothalamus | ACTH in adenohypophysis
76
Zona Reticularis
Deepest layer of Adrenal Cortex
77
Androgen in Zona Reticularis
Testosterone
78
Testosterone Is Secreted In Response To:
CRH in hypothalamus | ACTH in adenohypophysis
79
What Do Pancreatic Alpha Cells Produce?
Glucagon
80
What Do Pancreatic Beta Cells Produce?
Insulin
81
What Do Alpha and Beta Cells Do?
Regulate blood glucose levels
82
What Do Delta and F Cells Do?
Produce hormones that decrease alpha and beta cell function and control nutrient absorption in intestines
83
What Is the Normal Blood Glucose Level?
70-110mg/dl
84
Glucagon
Increases blood glucose levels (by liver) | Released in response to a drop in blood glucose
85
What Kind of Stimuli Is Glucagon?
Humoral
86
Insulin
Decreases blood glucose levels | Released in response to an increased in blood glucose
87
What Kind of Stimuli Is Insulin?
Humoral
88
What Does Glucagon Stimulate?
Breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscles and liver Breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue Gluconeogenesis by liver
89
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Autoimmune disease Low insulin levels in blood Requires insulin administration Antibodies destroy beta cells of islets
90
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Decreased insulin sensitivity Cells no longer respond as vigorously to insulin Adipose decreases cell sensitivity
91
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
``` Heart attack Stroke Kidney damage Retinal damage Peripheral nerve damage Peripheral tissue damage ```

HES235-Test 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions