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HES235-Test 1 > Lecture 4: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

What encompasses the heart?

A

Pericardium

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2
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Contains fluid

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3
Q

Pericardial Sac

A

Contains heart

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4
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer layer (visceral)

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5
Q

Myocardium

A

Thick cardiac muscle layer

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6
Q

Endocardium

A

Inner layer, continuous with blood vessels

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7
Q

Systematic Blood Flow

A

To body

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8
Q

Pulmonary Blood Flow

A

To lungs

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9
Q

What supplies the heart with nutrients?

A

Cardiac Veins

Coronary Arteries

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10
Q

How does blood get into the coronary arteries?

A

Elastic rebound of the aorta pushes blood forward and then back into coronary arteries

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11
Q

What are cardiac muscle cells interconnected by?

A

Intercalated discs

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12
Q

How are the cells fused together?

A 
Mechanically linked (desmosomes)
Chemically linked (gap junctions)
Electrically linked (action potentials)
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13
Q

What contains the leakiest cells?

A

Right atrium

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14
Q

Resting Potential

A

-90mV

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15
Q

Threshold for AP Generation

A

-75mV

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16
Q

Cardiac Muscle Cells Action Potential Steps (6)

A
  1. Threshold meets -75mV
  2. Voltage gated Na+ channels open, causing rapid depolarization
  3. +30mV
  4. Voltage gated Na+ channels close and Na+ is transported out
  5. Voltage gated Ca++ channels open causing a plateau due to Ca++ flowing in and Na+ being pumped out
  6. Ca++ channels slowly close and K+ channels open causing repolarization
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17
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

Another action potential cannot occur because Na+ channels are already open or inactive

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18
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

Another action potential is possible, but Na+ channels will only respond to a larger stimulus

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19
Q

Why can cardiac muscle cells depolarize on their own?

A

They are leaky to Na+ and Ca++

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20
Q

Conducting System

A

Specialized cells that initiate and distribute the stimulus to contract (APs)

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21
Q

SA Node

A

Sinoatrial Node
Begins the AP in right atrium
Depolarize fastest

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22
Q

AV Node

A

Atrioventricular Node
Near interatrial septum in right atrium
Delays AP

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23
Q

AV Bundle

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A

AV node to interventricular septum

24
Q

Steps of the Heartbeat (5)

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. SA node depolarizes
  2. Conducting cells take AP to AV node while atria depolarize
  3. Atrial contraction begins
  4. Stimulus travels through AV node, AV bundle, AV branches, and Purkinje fibers
  5. Atrial contraction ends, ventricles depolarize and contract from apex to base
25
ECG/EKG
Electrocardiogram
26
Electrocardiogram
Graph of the heart's electrical activity | Used to diagnose problems with the heart
27
P Wave of Electrocardiogram
Depolarization of the atria | Start of AP in SA node
28
QRS Complex of Electrocardiogram
Depolarization of ventricles | Repolarization of atria
29
T Wave of Electrocardiogram
Depolarization of the ventricles
30
Arrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm
31
Cardiac Cycle
Period between the start of 1 heartbeat to the beginning of the next
32
Systole
Contraction
33
Diastole
Relaxation
34
Cardiac Cycle Steps (5)
1. Atrial systole that tops off the ventricles (30%) 2. Atrial diastole 3. Phase 1 of ventricular systole 4. Phase 2 of ventricular systole 5. Ventricular Diastole
35
End Diastolic Volume
Quantity of blood in ventricles
36
Ventricular Systole Phase 1
AV valves close Pressure increases No blood movement
37
Ventricular Systole Phase 2
Ventricular ejection due to ventricular pressure becoming greater than arterial pressure
38
Stroke Volume
Amount of blood ejected from ventricles
39
What happens during ventricular diastole?
Ventricular pressure falls, semilunar valves close | Ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure, AV vales open and ventricles fill passively
40
Cardiac Output
The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in 1 minute
41
C.O. =
Heart Rate * Stroke Volume
42
What are the controls of cardiac output?
Nervous innervation Blood volume reflexes Hormones raising heart rate
43
Nervous Innervation
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS innervate the SA node, AV node, and atrial fibers
44
Effect of Sympathetic System on Heart Rate
Increase (open)
45
Effect of Parasympathetic System on Heart Rate
Decrease (close)
46
Mechanism of Nervous Innervation
Neurons monitor BP, O2, and CO2
47
What does the release of neurotransmitters of nervous innervation do?
Opens K+ channels (slowing depolarization) or opens Na+ & Ca++ channels (increasing rate of depolarization)
48
Blood Volume Reflexes
Atrial Reflex | Frank-Starling Principle
49
Atrial Reflex
When venous return increases, stretching of right atrium stimulates sympathetic activity and increasing heart rate
50
Frank-Starling Principle
When more blood flows into ventricles, then ventricles contract more forcefully and pump more blood out
51
Hormones As Cardiac Output Control
Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase HR Thyroid hormone increases HR Glucagon increases HR and blood glucose level
52
S1 Sound
1st slamming of AV valves
53
S2 Sound
2nd slamming of semilunar valves
54
Heart Murmur
Abnormal heart sounds
55
Lub Dush
Blood shooting back through bicuspid/tricuspid valves
56
Lush Dub
Blood shooting back through the semilunar valves

HES235-Test 1 (5 decks)

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