lecture 2 evolution of health promotion Flashcards
(26 cards)
definition of health
is socially constructed, they change overtime and vary across cultures, heath is not static, represent the knowledge base, values, and priorities of different constituents
prerequisites for health according to ottawa charter
peace, education, income, sustainable resources, shelter, food, stable eco-system, social justice and equity
what is the shift in focus from disease to health and wellness?
shift away from concentrating exclusively on the diseased person moving to acknowledge and appreciate psychological dimensions (beliefs) and social roles (the sick role) that influence the experience of illness
shifting from a sole focus on health as an individual problem that requires individual solutions to an understanding of the role(s) and influence of society
a social understanding of health
history of social origins of illness
emergence of social medicine or public health began in the mid-19th century
first time clear links were established between disease and poor living and/or working conditions
what are non biological factors?
environmental factors (e.g. air pollution, work environment)
social factors (e.g. access to health care, money, education)
what is epidemiology?
the statistical study of patterns of disease in the population
discernible difference in mortality rates b/w laborers and professionals
working conditions, access to food and shelter, exposure to elements
what is the miasma theory?
an obsolete medical theory that held that diseases— such as cholera, chlamydia or the black death–were caused by a miasma, a noxious form of “bad air” also known as night air.
what is the london bus drivers vs conductors study (1950)?
conductors had fewer heart attacks than bus drivers
relationship between physical activity and health
what did industrialized countries focus on in the late 1800s and early 1900s?
industrialized countries were focused on sanitation (e.g. sewage, clean drinking water) to reduce infectious disease
why was the canadian department of health established in 1919?
it was established by prime minister borden to address: food and drug standards, (the promotion of) child welfare, campaigns against spread of STIs
what is the diseases of civilization?
new sources of mortality were largely behavioral
‘risk factors’ (e.g. smoking, sedentary lifestyles, eating habits, etc) became the primary targets of health education
what was health education like pre-1974
- Epidemiological patterns of so-called “diseases of
civilization” (e.g., cardiovascular disease,
cancers, accidents) displacing patterns of
infectious diseases in industrialized countries - Health education information targeted the
professional-patient relationship
1950s and 1960s, social psychologists,
sociologists and communication specialists
were developing:
* Models to help understand and predict health related behavior
* Effective health education campaigns
- The famous Health Belief Model (HBM) was
developed in the 1950s at Johns Hopkins
School of Hygiene and Public Health - It was the first of a long series of theoretical
models of individual health behaviour
what was the health promotion develop and “the golden era” in 1974-1994?
- During 1970s, becomes increasingly obvious that health education was not having desired effects
- Individuals were better informed but not necessarily adopting the healthful behaviors expected
There was opportunities for learning –> improved health knowledge –> develop skills or behaviors conducive to health
what was the lalonde report (1974)?
Entitled A New Perspective on the
Health of Canadians, the Lalonde report received worldwide attention
* First document by the government of
major developed country to advocate
for investing in services beyond health
care to improve health of population
what is the emergence of the term ‘health promotion’
emergence of term ‘health promotion’ marks critical shift in focus
individually focused health education –> ecological, multi-level models that encompass the entire ‘health field’
what is a theory?
a theory presents a systematic way of
understanding events or situations. It is a set of concepts, definitions, and propositions that
explain or predict these events or situations by
illustrating the relationships between variables.
theory usefulness
understand why people do or do not practice health promoting behaviors,
help identify what information is needed to design an effective health strategy,
provide insight into how to design a successful program
gives planners tools for moving beyond intuition to design and evaluate health behavior and health promotion interventions
consistent with current emphasis on using evidence-based intervention
what is elements of a health field concept?
human biology, environment (physical & social), lifestyle, healthcare organization
what is the ecological model in health promotion
- influences: biological & demographic, psychological, social/cultural, organizational, physical environment, policies/incentives
- behaviors: eating, sedentary behaviors, physical activity
- energy balance
- body weight, fat, & distribution
- risk factors: coronary vascular disease, diabetes, cancers, cost
what is ajzen’s theory of planned behavior
- behavioral beliefs –> attitude –> intention –> behavior
- normative beliefs –> subjective norm –> intention –> behavior
- control beliefs –> perceived behavioral control –> behavior
what is the health belief model?
modifying variables –> perceived benefits vs barriers, perceived threat, self efficacy –> likelihood of engaging in health-promoting behavior
perceived seriousness/perceived susceptibility –> perceived threat –> likelihood of engaging in health-promoting behavior
self-efficacy/cues to action –> likelihood of engaging in health-promoting behavior –>
what is the social cognitive theory (bandura, 1986)?
personal: cognitive factors (knowledge, expectations, attitudes)
environmental factors (social norms, access in community, influence on others)
behavioral factors (skills, practice, self-efficacy)
what is the social-ecological model
- physical activity and active living
- individual determinants (beliefs, gender, age, skills)
- social environment (culture, social cohesion, income, equity)
- built environment (urban design, green space etc)
- natural environment (weather, topography, water, air)
what is the ecological model in health promotion
- child (age, self-efficacy)
- interpersonal (peers, family)
- organizational (home, neighborhood)
- community (standards, norms)
- public policy (national and local regulations and laws)
