lecture 3 ethics/measurement

Question 1

what is ethics?

Answer 1

a branch of philosophy that deals with questions regarding morality e.g. action
ethical principles of profession: help to guide our actions

Question 2

what is our ethical obligation?

Answer 2

it is our duty to help in certain circumstances example deaths due to alcohol what can we do to limit deaths do to alcohol

Question 3

what role does the government play?

Answer 3

plays the role of education and regulation, think about laws that are in place to keep us safe, seat belts laws etc.

Question 4

what are morals?

Answer 4

the values and beliefs that individuals or groups have about an ethical issue

Question 5

what are ethics

Answer 5

The use of reasoning to determine what ought to be
done about an issue, regardless of what people believe.

Question 6

what are ethical dilemmas?

Answer 6

Dilemmas arise when an initiative imposes on the values of
society
Health Promotors have a duty to inform the public of the risks

Question 7

what is the best way to plan an intervention?

Answer 7

◦Challenge the values and assumptions of your proposed plan
◦Consider the question: Who does a given intervention benefit and who does it exclude (or disadvantage)

Question 8

what is stigmatization?

Answer 8

Places blame on the individual
Results in labeling, status loss, discrimination
Magnifies the social health inequalities

Question 9

what are the general ethical principles?

Answer 9

doing good (beneficence), avoid doing harm (non-malefence), respect autonomy, justice

Question 10

doing good (beneficence)

Answer 10

act in the peoples best interest

Question 11

Avoid doing harm (Non
Maleficence)

Answer 11

Act in ways that minimize
harm

Question 12

respect autonomy

Answer 12

Act to maximize freedom
and self-governance

Question 13

justice

Answer 13

act fairly

Question 14

what is the ultimate goal of health promotion?

Answer 14

basic human right - a resource to satisfy needs realize aspirations
holistic well being - with physical, mental and social dimensions
equity - avoiding unfair or unjust inequalities in health
empowerment - enabling individuals’ community to increase control over health determinants

Question 15

nudges

Answer 15

unconscious way to changes people’s behavior
suttle way of rearranging the environment
often guided by our environment

Question 16

ethical conflicts

Answer 16

simultaneously doing good and harm
gov’t responsibility and protection of personal autonomy
sacrificing rights of some in the interest of welfare for others
greatest good for the greatest number or reducing health inequalities

Question 17

participation

Answer 17

being present and taking part in health promo activities and
secondly recognizing that when people participate what they say should be listened to and acted upon

Question 18

empowerment approach

Answer 18

facilitates people working together to increase the control they have over events that influence their lives and health

Question 19

fairness

Answer 19

data collection should consider all populations

Question 20

unbiased

Answer 20

data should not be manipulated or influences by outside factors

Question 21

reliability

Answer 21

Consistency of measurement
Should give the same results every time
The ability to repeat a test and get the same, or similar results each time Examples: measuring height, thermometer

Question 22

interrater reliability

Answer 22

Consistency among people rating the same
event

Question 23

intra-rater reliability

Answer 23

Consistency among one rater measuring the same thing multiple times

Question 24

validity

Answer 24

How accurately something is measured
Examples: weight scale, tests,

Question 25

sensitivity

Answer 25

Ability of a test to correctly identify those with a given characteristic. A true positive

Question 26

specificity

Answer 26

The ability of a test to correctly identify those who do not have the characteristic. A true negative

Question 27

impact

Answer 27

more immediate changes in populations, individuals or their environments which help show that we are meeting program objectives

Question 28

what indicators measure impact?

Answer 28

establish target levels identify the information to be collected identify data collection methods

Question 29

qualitative methods

Answer 29

focus groups, in-depth interviews, open-ended survey questions, participant observation

Question 30

quantitative tools

Answer 30

advantages in using existing questionnaires and surveys, think of validity and reliability