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Neurogenetics > Lecture 2: Evolving Concept of a Gene > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Evolving Concept of a Gene Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the composition, structure, and properties of DNA

A
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2
Q

Describe the phosphodiester linkage of the DNA backbone

A

5’C of 2’-deoxyribose of 1st nucleotide
connected to
3’ C of 2’-deoxyribose of 2nd nucleotide

3’C – O – P – P – 5’C

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3
Q

What are the 3 major components of DNA?

A
  1. Phosphate group
  2. 5 carbon sugar
  3. Cyclic-nitrogen containing base
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4
Q

Pyrimidines

Single or double ring bases? Which bases?

A

Single ring
C
T
U

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5
Q

Purines

Single or double ring bases? Which bases?

A

Double ring
A
G

Pure As Gold

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6
Q

Genome

Definition

A

The entire set of DNA found in a cell

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7
Q

Composition of the genome

A
  • 22 autosomes
  • 1 pair of sex chromosomes
  • mitochondrial DNA
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8
Q

Composition of mitochondrial DNA

A

Small circular chromosome in mitochondria
Encodes 13 proteins

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9
Q

How did the concept of a “gene” change over time?

6 evolutions

Evolving Concept of a Gene

A
  1. Mendel
  2. The gene as a distinct locus (30s)
  3. One gene - one enzyme (40s)
  4. Localization of genes to DNA & DNA as molecule of heredity
  5. One gene - one mRNA - one protein (60s)
  6. One gene - several mRNAs - several proteins (90s)
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10
Q

Describe the understanding of what genes were for:

Mendel

Evolving Concept of a Gene

A
  • Hereditary factors
  • These factors exist in 2 different forms/variations (alleles): one dominant, one recessive
  • Pea plants carry two copies of hereditary factors
  • Diploid - two sets of genes
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11
Q

Describe the understanding of what genes were for:

The Gene as a distinct locus

The 30s

Evolving Concept of a Gene

A
  • Link between heredity and chromosomes
  • Genes are arranged linearly on chromosomes - genes have a distinct locus
  • Same chromosome - genetically linked
  • Different chromosomes - independent assortment
  • Genes are indivisible units of inheritance, each located at a specific point on a specific chromosome
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12
Q

Describe the understanding of what genes were for:

One gene – one enzyme

The 40s

Evolving Concept of a Gene

A
  • Genes can be dissected into contiguous segments by genetic recombination
  • Genes have length
  • Mutations in genes cause defects
  • One gene – one enzyme
  • Gene is considered to be the info behind the individual molecules
  • DNA is the hereditary material
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13
Q

Describe the understanding of what genes were for:

Localization of genes to DNA & DNA as the molecule of heredity

Evolving Concept of a Gene

A
  • DNA double helix model explained how DNA can function as model of heredity
  • Base pairing - how genetic info can be copied into RNA
  • Two complementary strands - how DNA can be replicated
  • Occasional errors in replication lead to mutation
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14
Q

Describe the understanding of what genes were for:

One gene – one mRNA – one protein

Evolving Concept of a Gene

A
  • Universal genetic code
  • Nucleotide triplets specify sequence of polypeptide
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15
Q

Describe the understanding of what genes were for:

One gene – one mRNA – several proteins

Evolving Concept of a Gene

A
  • Alternatively spliced exons
  • Single gene can express several different mRNA transcripts → several different proteins
  • Single gene can have multiple transcription start sites
  • One gene – thousands of proteins
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16
Q

small nuclear RNAs

snRNAs

7 Major RNAs

A

structural components of spliceosomes, which excise introns from pre-mRNAs

17
Q

ribosomal RNAs

rRNAs

7 Major RNAs

A

structural and catalytic components of ribosomes for protein translation

18
Q

transfer RNAs

tRNAs

7 Major RNAs

A

adaptors between amino acids and the codons of mRNA during translation

19
Q

messenger RNAs

mRNAs

7 Major RNAs

A

contain the genetic information from DNA for protein translation

20
Q

microRNAs

miRNAs

7 Major RNAs

A

regulate expression of mRNAs by either causing their degradation or repressing their translation

21
Q

small nucleoar RNAs

snoRNAs

7 Major RNAs

A

primarily guide modifications of other RNAs, mainly ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and small nuclear RNAs

22
Q

long non-coding RNA

lncRNA

7 Major RNAs

A

control RNA transcription in the nucleus and modulate mRNA stability, translation, and post-translational modifications in the cytoplasm

Neurogenetics (25 decks)

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